GOLLNITZ 



GONCOURT 



291 



initial l\ rcpioeiited in Europe anl Britain by 

 tin- Ko-cchafer (t'ftnnin tninifn). 



t.ollllil/. "i- (iui.i.Mr/i;\\\ \, a milling town 

 Hungary, in tin- roiinJy of /inn, 17 miles S\V. 

 ..-in--. It has i in | mi i, -i a i iron and copper 

 mines, ami ironworks. I op. 4.'i.">3. 



Collnow. a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, is 

 situated l.'i mil.-, N !;. of Sti>ttin. It was formerly 

 '<-> tu\\n : it now ha> limekilns and a trade 

 in tinilM-r. l'o|i. M.'iO. 



4.oloiu> ilka (< 'iiif/'/H'riix or Callionymux 

 iHiil.nli ///>/* i, a remarkable fish, found only in 

 l.akt liaikal, tin- only known species of its genus, 

 which come- near the gobies, but is the type of a 

 disiinct family. It is alnmt a foot long, IH desti- 

 tiit- of -calf>, and is very soft, its whole substance 

 abounding in oil. which is obtained from it by 

 pre-sure. It may be almost said to melt into oil 

 :>M the application of lire. It is never eaten. 



Goloshes ( Fr. galoche, ' a patten, clog, or 

 wooden shoe;' from the Low Lat. calopedia, 'a 

 do;,',' and the C!r. kalopous), india-rubber over- 

 - which were introduced into Great Britain 

 from America about the year 1847. At first clum- 

 sily made, and of inferior quality, they were, 

 mainly by the exertions' of the Hayward Rubber 

 Company in America, soon much improved in 

 |iiality and appearance, and the demand for them 

 increased rapidly. The largest manufactory for 

 the production of vulcanised rubber goloshes and 

 other shoes in Great Britain is that of the North 

 British Rubber Company at Edinburgh, where 

 more than 100 distinct Kinds of boots and shoes 

 made, and the production amounts to several 

 thousand pairs a day. 



The rubber is ( 1 ) torn up into small pieces, 

 \vashed, and rolled together in granulated sheets; 

 ( '2 ) it is then mixed, by the aid of heated rollers, 

 with the vulcanising materials, consisting of sul- 

 phur, litharge, lampblack, pitch, rosin, and some- 

 times other materials ; (3) the final stage in the pre- 

 paration of the material is carried out after the shoes 

 are made, and consists in subjecting them for nine 

 hours to a temperature of l)et\veen 200 and 300 

 F. Rublter so treated is said to be vulcanised (see 

 I M MA-RUBBER). The so far prepared sheets of 

 material are again rolled out between the heated 

 rollers, till they are of the required thickness for 

 the shoe uppers. Both soles and uppers for each 

 shoe are cut out separately with a knife. The 

 calico or other linings are coated round the edges 

 with some strongly adhesive cement, probably dis- 

 solved rubl>er, and then all the pieces are ready to be 

 Cut together. The earlier part of the work is done 

 y men, but women actually make the shoes. A 

 clever girl will make forty pairs a day ; a very 

 clever one fifty. That is to make a pair of shoes 

 in ten or twelve minutes. 



The chief defect of goloshes is that they keep the 

 stockings constantly damp, and the feet uncomfort- 

 able, by preventing the escape or the absorption 

 of the perspiration. Various modifications of the 

 ordinary goloshes are made : thus, there is a kind 

 with warm felt lining ; another kind have felt or 

 cloth uppers and ankles, and are often called snow- 

 shoes. 



<.oniar. FRANCIS, theologian, and leader of the 

 party who opposed most zealously the doctrines of 

 Arminius (ii.v.). Gomar, or Gomarus, was born at 

 1'iiiges, 30th January 1563, studied at the univer- 

 sities of Strasburg, Heidelberg, Oxford, and Cam- 

 bridge, in the law-mentioned of which he took his 

 degree of B.I), in 1584. In 1594 he was appointed 

 professor of 1 >i\ init y at Leyden, and signalised him- 

 self then and ever after by his vehement antipathy 

 to the views of his colleague, Arminius. At the 

 ynod of Dort in 1G18 he was mainly instrumental 



in securing the i-\pu)Mon of tin- AnniniaiiH from 

 tin- Id-foi im-il Church. He died an profewtor at 

 (ironingcn, 1641. An edition of his work** wa 

 published at Amsterdam in 1 645 and 1664. 



Gombroon', called also BK.NDKK AHBAH, a*ea- 

 port of Persia, in the province of Kirman, stand** on 

 the Strait of < >rmuz, opposite the island of that 

 name. Bender Abbas owed its name and import- 

 ance to Shah Abbas, who, assisted by the Kn^lish, 

 drove the Portuguese in 1622 from Ormux, mined 

 that seaport, and transferred its cf>mnicrce to (iom- 

 broon. For a while the new town prospered ; but 

 at present it is a wretched place of about 8000 in- 

 habitants, mostly Aralm, who trade to the extent of 

 450,000 per annum in piece goods, sugar, tea, and 

 pottery (imports), and in carpets, wool, tobacco," 

 saffron, opium, almonds, and madder (export- ... 



Gome'ra, one of the Canary Islands (q.v.). 



Gomorrah. See SODOM AND GOMORRAH. 



Gomid, a technical name for reproductive 

 organs. See REPRODUCTION. 



Connives, a seaport of Hayti, on a beautiful 

 bay on the west coast, with an excellent harbour, 

 65 miles NNW. of Port an Prince. It exports 

 coffee, cotton, logwood, and hides. Pop. (1897) 

 18,000. 



Goncourt, EDMOND and JULES DE, a pair of 

 French novelists, born, the former at Nancy, May 

 26, 1822, the latter at Paris, 17th December 1830. 

 They were not men of letters but artists primarily, 

 and in 1849 they set out knapsack on back to tra- 

 verse France for drawings and water-colours. Their 

 notebooks made them writers as well as artists, and 

 already in 1852 they had commenced that literary 

 partnership which after twenty years of obscure 

 labours was to conquer the public and stamp its 

 impression upon the modern novel more strongly 

 than any one had done since Balzac. Their earliest 

 serious works were a group of historical studies 

 upon the second half of the 18th century, intended 

 to be an effective resurrection of its habits of life, 

 manners, and costume. With all their elaboration 

 of details these were ineffective and superficial from 

 their lack of the calm and impartial historical sense, 

 to say nothing of the absence of more essential 

 qualities still breadth of view, and that creative 

 grasp of character by sympathetic insight which 

 is the rarest gift of the historian. The tilting of 

 the ' Castor and Pollux of bric-a-brac ' against the 

 gigantic figures of the Revolution was almost too 

 pitiful to be amusing. These books were Histoire 

 de la Societ^ Franqaise pendant la Revolution ( 1854 ), 

 La Societt Franqaise pendant le Directoire (1855), 

 Portraits intimes du XVIIP Slide (1856 T 58), 

 Histoire de Marie Antoinette (1858), Les Mattresses 

 de Louis XV. (1860), La Femme au XVI IP Siecle 

 (1862), and L' 'Amour au XVIIP Siecle (1875). 

 Of much more real value is Gavarnt (1873), L' Ait 

 au XVIIP Siecle (1874), and the later books de- 

 voted to Watteau ( 1876) and Prudhon ( 1877). 



But the important work of the De Goncourt 

 brothers commenced when they assumed the novel 

 as the mould into which to pour the metal of their 

 prolonged and exact observation. Their conception 

 of the novel was that it should be an imaginative 

 attempt to grasp and summarise the results of 

 tin- : and the task they put before themselves was 

 to unite by means of a plot such as might hav 

 happened a multitude of observed facts, and to cast 

 around these an atmosphere which should illumine 

 them. Their aim was to paint manners by taking 

 the traits in which one man resembles a class, rather 

 than to grasp personal character by the joints 

 wherein one man is distinguished from another, in 

 the manner of Balzac or George Eliot. Hence they 

 select as generic types only persons of moderate 

 faculties, and herein they are poorer than nature 



