GONFALON 



GON8ALVO DI CORDOVA 293 



hut it was MII|\ from the )6th century t" the 

 it t;i iii\;iMi>ii in 1741-81 that they ruled the 

 ..nii.il tableland. To-day they number abont a 

 inilliiiii ami a half, ainl, wlule the wilder tribe* ding 

 t.> tlif forest, tli<' MM have made Mime advances 

 in ci\ ili-aiimi. Mo-i oi tin- upper classes are of 

 mixed MiMiil. ami many of tin' race have embraced 

 lliiiliii-in : luit, while they carry ceremonial refine- 

 ment I" tli' 1 extrc st limit, they secretly retain 



many of their olil superstitions, with whicli they 

 II.IM- I'M-n inoculated their Aryan co-religionists in 

 tin- territory. Tin- plebeian Gonds are of purer 

 Mood, ainl. its aiming the other hill-tribes, l>otli 

 limit, their necessary attire to a cloth wound 

 alMtut tin- wai-t, although the younger people often 

 eke tlii- '"it with earrings, bracelets, and neck- 

 laces. Kadi village worships the three or four 

 ili-ities it knows best, while admitting the existence 

 of an indefinite number of others. Cholera and 

 smallpox, are worshipped everywhere, and the 

 Gonds people the forest, the rivers, and every rock 

 with evil spirits. The name Gondwana is still 

 applied to the tract which they principally inhabit. 



<>on Talon ( Ital. yotifalone), or GoNFANON, an 



ensign or standard (see FLAG), in virtue of bearing 

 which the chief-magistrates in many of the Italian 

 cities were known as go/tfaloniere (see FLORENCE). 

 Gong* a Chinese instrument of percussion, 

 made of a mixture of metals (78 to 80 parts of 

 copper, and 22 to 20 parts of tin), and shaped into 

 a basin like form, Hat and large, with a rim a 

 few inches deep. The sound of the gong is pro- 

 duced by striking it, while hung by the rim, with 

 a mallet, which puts the metal into an extra- 

 ordinary state of vibration, and produces a loud 

 piercing sound. 



(OllifOra. LUIS DE G6NGORA Y ARGOTE, 

 Spanish lyric poet, was born at Cordova, llth 

 .Inly ].")()!. After a course of study in law at the 

 university of Salamanca, he settled down in his 

 native city to cultivate the poetic talents of which 

 he had already shown conspicuous proofs as a 

 student. AlxMit 1614 he entered the church, and 

 Iwcame a prebendary of the cathedral at Cordova, 

 and eventually chaplain to Philip III. He died in 

 his native city, 23d May 1627. Gongora's earlier 

 writings sonnets on a great variety of subjects, 

 lyrical poems, odes, ballads, and songs for the 

 guitar are inspired with much true poetic feeling. 

 Hi- later works, consisting for the most part of 

 longer poems, such as Solidiules ( or Solitary Mus- 

 , Polifemo, Pyramo y Thisbe, are executed in 

 an entirely different and novel style, characterised, 

 especially in respect of diction, by some of the 

 same distinctive features as are found in Euphuism 

 in Kngland and ('hiahrcrism in Italy. This later 

 style of Gongora. which his followers" and imitators 

 designated the stilo culto, is florid, pedantic, full of 

 Latin inversions and mythological allusions, pomp- 

 ous, and mannered, and in many places very 

 olcure. His works were never published during 

 liis lifetime. The first edition was printed by 

 Vicuna in 1027, good but incomplete; another 

 good one i> that of IJrussels (1659). See Churton's 

 CniKjora (2 vols. Lond. 1862). 



(oniatites, a genus of fossil cephalopodous 

 mollusca, belonging to the same family as the 

 Ammonites. The genus is characterised by the 

 structure of the septa, which are lobed, but with- 

 out lateral denticulations, as in Ammonites ; they 

 consequently exhibit, in a section, a continuous 

 adulating line. Some forms with slightly waved 

 epta approach very near to the Nautilus. The 

 siphonal portion is shorter than the sides, forming 

 a sinus at the back, as in the Nautilus. The last 

 chamber, the one tenanted by the animal, occupies 

 a whole whorl, and has besides a considerable 



lateral expansion. The sheila are miiall, seldom 

 exceeding 6 inches in diameter. Thw genus is con- 

 lined !> tne I'al.i-o/.iir strata : nearly two hundred 

 species have I..-. ,led from the Devonian, 



( 'arlMiniferous, and TriuHsic systems. 



Cioilidia, an old term in iichenology for the 

 green cells (algal constituent*) of the thallus. See 

 LICHENS. 



Goniometer (Gr. gonia, 'an angle;' metron, 



'a measure'), an instrument used for measuring 

 solid angles, and hence indispensable to the crystal- 

 lographer. There are two kinds in use, the con- 

 tact goniometer of Carangeau ( which is sufficiently 

 accurate for many purposes, but cannot be used in 

 the case of very small crystals), and the reflet-tiny 

 t/titn'ometer by Dr Wollaston. In skilful hands 

 this instrument can measure the angles of crystals 

 only the hundredth of an inch in size. Several 

 elahora t modifications of this goniometer are now 

 employed by crystal lographers. 



Gonorrhea (Gr. gonon, 'progeny or seed,' and 

 r/ieo, ' I flow ' ), a name originally applied almost 

 indiscriminately to all discharges from the genital 

 passages in both sexes, but especially in the male. 

 In the course of usage the term has been almost 

 entirely restricted to the designation of one par- 

 ticular kind of discharge, which, from its connec- 

 tion with a contagious poison, was originally called, 

 in strict nosological language, G. virulenta. This 

 form of the disease is usually caused by the direct 

 communication of sound persons with those already 

 affected ; and accordingly gonorrhea is one of the 

 numerous penalties attending an indiscriminate 

 and impure intercourse of the sexes (see SYPHILIS). 

 Gonorrhea is a very acute and painful form of 

 disease ; it is liable, also, to leave its traces in 

 the more chronic form of gleet, which may last for 

 a considerable time. Often, moreover, it leaves 

 some of the parts affected permanently damaged, 

 and stricture, sterility, &c. may result. The only 

 constitutional effect of any importance is a very 

 intractable inflammation of joints, closely resem- 

 bling rheumatic fever, which occasionally follows 

 it. The name gonorrhea was formed on the 

 erroneous supposition that the discharge consists 

 of the spermatic fluid, whereas, the disease being 

 an inflammation of the mucous membrane of some 

 part of the generative organs, the discharge is the 

 muco-purulent or purulent discharge from the 

 diseased surface. Hence the name Slemtorrkayia 

 has been proposed for the ailment. The disease 

 may reach its height in a period of from one to 

 three weeks ; it then usually subsides, and the 

 various symptoms abate in severity. For gonor- 

 rheal ophthalmia, see, under EYE, Purulent Con- 

 junctivitis, vol. iv. p. 514. Victims of gonorrhea and 

 the allied disorders should consult none but medical 

 men of high standing and undoubted character. 



Gonsalvo di Cordova ( the name by which 

 Gonzalo Hernandez y Aguilar is usually known), 

 a celebrated Spanish warrior, was born at Montilla. 

 near Cordova, 16th March 1453. He served with 

 great distinction first in the war with the Moors 

 of Granada, and afterwards in the Portuguese 

 campaign. At the close of the final contest 

 with Granada he concluded the negotiation with 

 lioalnlil (Abu Abdallah), king of the Moors, in 

 such a masterly manner that the rulers of Spain 

 l>estowed upon him a pension and a large estate 

 in the conquered territory. He was next sent to 

 the assistance of Ferdinand II., king of Naples, 

 against the French. In less than a year Gonsalvo, 

 with his limited resources, had conquered the greater 

 part of the kingdom of Naples, and obtained the 

 appellation of 'El Gran Capitan.' In conjunction 

 with King Ferdinand he succeeded in completely ex- 

 pelling the French from Italy ; and in August 1498 



