GORGES 



li.-l.l. Unconditionally, to the IIn--i.Hl commander 



Kndi.^ei, .ii \ilagos, near Arjul. (Jorgei himself 



waa impii-oni-d for -OHM' time at Klagmfurt, in 



< ;u iniliiii, hut i>v<Mituu!ly set at liberty. Hi- 



count i yiiii-n (including KosMiith) accused him of 



iieis, ;i charge to \vliich he replied in Mein 



mi,! M '////* in Uiigarn in 184# und 1849 



( l.-ip. is.vj). With KoMnth and the civil gorern- 



nifiit IK- failed all along to act in cordial sympathy 



and harmony, ami he is also gaid to have shown 



K'l-onal jealon-\ oi i In- other Hungarian generals. 

 irt m ned to Hungary in 1868, ami in 1884 was 

 presented with an address by 260 of his old com- 

 panions in .11 in-. 



(iorgt'S. Sn; KKKDINANDO, styled 'the father 

 of colonisation in America,' was l>orn about 1565 

 at Ashton, in Somersetshire. He founded two 

 Plymouth companies (1606-20 and 1620-35) for 

 ac. | uiring and planting lands in New England, and 

 in 1 039 received from the king a charter constitut- 

 ing him proprietor of Maine. He adhered to the 

 kin;; in (lie Civil War, and died some time in 1647. 

 Hi- son neglected the province, which finally placed 

 itself under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, to 

 which colony Sir Ferdinando's grandson sold his 

 rights in 1677 for l'2f>0, 



Gorgias, a celebrated Greek rhetorician and 

 sophist, of the time of Socrates, was born at 

 Leoiitini, in Sicily, and came to Athens as am- 

 bassador from his native city in 427 B.C. He 

 subsequently settled in Greece, and, becoming 

 famous as a teacher of eloquence, travelled from 

 place to place, acquiring wealth as well as fame. 

 He died at Larissa alxmt 380, more than a hun- 

 dred years old. He seems to have drawn the 

 extremes! consequences of the sophistic nega- 

 tivism; teaching that nothing is, and if it were, 

 it would be unknowable, and if there were such 

 a thing as knowledge, it would be uncommuni- 

 cable (see SOPHISTS). Plato's Dialogue Gorains 

 is written against him. Of a large work by him 

 on Nature nothing remains. Two works attrib- 

 uted to him are extant, the Apology of Pala- 

 ///"/ \. ami the Encomium on Helena, but their 

 genuineness is disputed. The best edition is by 

 Blass (Leip. 1871). 



Gorgo, or GORGON, according to Homer, a 

 frightful female monster inhabiting the infernal 

 regions. Hesiod mentions three Gorgones Stheno, 

 Km vale, and Medusa, of whom the last named is 

 the chief inheritor of the characteristic attributes 

 of the single Homeric (Jorgon. Their habitation 

 was on the brink of the Western Ocean, in the 



ii'-i-hhoml d of Night and the Hesperides ; but 



iotus and other later writers place it in Libya. 

 They were generally represented as winged virgins 

 with lira/en claws and enormous teeth, having on 

 their heads serpents in place of hair, and two ser- 

 pents round their bodies l.y way of girdle. Accord- 

 ing to later legends, Medusa was originally a very 

 beautiful maiden, and the only one of three sisters 

 who was mortal. Having become a mother by 

 Neptune in one of Minerva's temples, that virgin 

 goddess changed her hair into serpents, which gave 

 her so fearful an appearance that whoever looked 

 on her was turned into stone. She was slain by 

 Perseus, and her head placed in the shield of 

 Minerva. 



Gorgonia, a genus of corals of the Alcyonarian 

 type, in which the colony of polypes forms a 

 branched but flattened growth, supported by an 

 internal axis of horn (cornein) originally derived 

 from the liases of polypes. The genus, which 

 includes over a score of widely distributed species, 

 is nearly allied to the black coral ( Plexaura anti- 

 vathes) of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, from the 

 nlack horny axis of which ornaments are often 

 M 



GORILLA 



305 



made; and to the (tea-fan ( Rhipidogorgia Jlabil- 

 turn), the much branched fan-like skeleton of 



Sea-fan. 



which is often brought home as a curiosity from 

 the West Indies. 



Gorgonzola, a village (pop. 4000) 12 miles 

 NE. of Milan, with a fine church, silk manu- 

 factures, and trade in a special kind of cheese. 



Gorhani, GEORGE CORNELIUS (1787-1857), vicar 

 of Brampford Speke, in North Devon, and hero of 

 the 'Gorharn case' (1848-50), which arose when 

 Dr Phillpotts, Bishop of Exeter, refused to institute 

 him on a presentation by the Lord Chancellor. 

 The bishop found him to be of unsound doctrine 

 as to the efficacy of the sacrament of baptism ; 

 inasmuch as he held that spiritual regeneration is 

 not given or conferred in that sacrament, and in 

 particular, that infants are not made therein ' mem- 

 bers of Christ and the children of God,' as the cate- 

 chism and formularies of the church declare them to 

 be. The case was brought before the Arches Court 

 of Canterbury, which decided (1849) that bap- 

 tismal regeneration is the doctrine of the Church of 

 England, and that the appeal must be dismis-ed 

 with costs. From this decision Gorhani apj>ealed 

 to the judicial committee of Privy-council. That 

 court found that differences of opinion on various 

 points left open were always thought consistent 

 with subscription to the articles, ami that opinions 

 in no important particular to le distinguished from 

 ( Jorham's had been maintained without censure 

 by many eminent prelates and divines : the court 

 therefore decided that the judgment of the Arches 

 Court should be reversed, and Corham was, 

 after some further litigation, instituted to Bramp- 

 ford Speke. During the two years that the suit 

 was pending the theological question was discussed 

 with acrimony in sermons and pamphlets. 



Gorhaiubnry. See BACON (FRANCIS). 



Gorilla ( Troglodytes Gorilla ), a great African 

 ape, generally referred by naturalists to the same 

 genus with the chimpanzee, although Professor 

 Isidore Geoffroy St-Hilaire has attempted to estab- 

 lish for it a separate genus. It has received the 

 name by which it is now known in consequence of 

 its l>eing supposed to be the same animal which is 

 mentioned in the Periplus of Hanno the Cartha- 

 ginian navigator, who visited the tropical pan- of 

 the west coast of Africa about the year 350 B.C., 

 although it is by no means certain that the gorilla 

 of Hanno is not the chimpanzee, or perhaps a 

 species of baboon. Vague accounts of apes of great 

 size, of which very wonderful stories were told. 



