f}(>RTS< HAKOFF 



GORZ 



307 



French txianny by tin- reverses of the French 

 aim- in the Russian expedition. Appealing to 

 tin- national -i-iiiiiuent of his countrymen iti 

 tin- A'/,. ii\- !, i M'l/.iir, he became, in truth, the 



literary cent l ill" national movement. After 



tin* re-establUhmenl of German Independence 

 Bfl denounced tin- encroachments <if domestic 

 ab-..luti-m with t lie same energy, until, having 

 dnwn upon him-elf the displeasure of tlie Prussian 

 go\eiiiment, IK- was obliged to flee to France, and 

 afterwards to S\\ it/ei land. In 1827 he accepted 

 the profeoi-hip of the History of Literature in 

 tin- university just founded at Munich by the 

 liberal King Louis f Bavaria. His later years 

 \\eie devoted to literature, and to the contro- 

 \.-i-i>-- a-- to mixed marriages and Hermesianisni 

 Hi : I:\IKS). Ileuas the founder of the Cath- 

 olic journal. />" Historisch-Politischen Blatter. 1 I i- 

 chief work was his ('lii-intlii-ln- Mi/.ifik (1842; new 

 .-,1.1879). He died 29th January 1848. An edition 

 of his works (9 vols. ) appeared between 1854 and 

 I s: l. See the Life by Sepp ( 1876). 



Gortscliakofl'. PIMNCE ALEXANDER MICH- 

 .\I.I.II\ITCH, Ku-sian statesman, was born at St 

 Petersburg, 16th .Inly 1798, being the son of Prince 

 Michael, a distinguished -officer. He was educated 

 at the celebrated Lyceum of Tzarskoe-Selo, and ac- 

 quired experience in diplomacy under Nesselrode. 

 Ambassador at Vienna ( 1854-5U ), he displayed great 



jinlL; nt and ability during the Crimean war, and 



ii \\.i- chiefly through liis influence that Russia 

 agreed to the treaty of Paris. After this event 

 Prince Gortschakoff succeeded Nesselrode as minis- 

 ter of foreign affairs. When France became hostile 

 to Austria on the Italian question, he cultivated 

 the friendship of the former. Desirous of restor- 

 ing the prestige of Russia in European affairs, he 

 addressed a circular dispatch to the Powers in 1860 

 in favour of the principle of nationalities in the 

 Two Sicilies. He also favoured the French expe- 

 dition of 1861 to Syria on behalf of the oppressed 

 Christians, bnt he declined to associate himself 

 with France ami Great Britain in their unfriendly 

 attitude towards the United States after the out- 

 lneak of the civil war. Touching the Polish in- 

 sui rection of 1863, he repudiated foreign dictation, 

 and asserted the right of Russia to settle her 

 internal atl'airs in accordance with her own interests 

 and the integrity of the empire. By this step he 

 acquired great popularity at home and respect 

 abroad, and he was appointed chancellor of the 

 empire in July 1863. From this time until the 

 ascendancy of Bismarck he was the most powerful 

 minister in Europe. 



He remained neutral during the struggle be- 

 tween Prussia and Austria; and, owing to a 

 definite understanding between the Russian and 

 1 'iii-Man chancellors, the neutrality of Austria 

 was secured in the great Franco- Prussian war 

 of 1S70. Gortschakoir further availed himself of 

 this war to counteract the injury done to Russian 

 influence by the treaty of Paris! At the London 

 ('(inference in January 1871 he procured the re- 

 vision of the treaty, and the formation of another 

 patting an end to the neutralisation of the Black 

 For this MTvioe the emperor conferred upon 

 him the dignity of Serene Highness. In 1873-74 he 

 manifested a desire to preserve friendly relations 

 with England in regard to central Asia, but this 

 was scarcely consistent with his aggressive policy. 

 In the Servian war of ISTS Gortocnakoff took up 

 an indecisive attitude; and after the conclusion 

 of the Turko- Russian war, the repudiation of the 

 treaty of San Stefano, and the signing of the 

 treaty of Berlin his influence began to wane. At 

 the Berlin Congress Bismarck and Beaconsfield had 

 paid more attention to Schouvaloff than to the 

 chancellor. Gortschakoff altogether ceased to be 



the first factor in European politic* before Alex- 

 ander II. watt assassinated, and long before he WM 



superseded h\ M. lie Gic|- a- mini-li-r t'.l lolei-M 



affairs in March 18H2. GortM-hakotI"s sphere of 

 action was European, not local; he ignored too 

 much Russian developments and Russian aspira- 

 tions, took no active interest in the serious finan- 

 cial and industrial problem- afl'ceting his country, 

 or in the growth of Nihilism, and he even failed to 

 bear his part in the al>olition of serfdom. After his 

 retirement he left Russia for Baden-Baden, where 

 he died on 1st March 18H3. Gortschakoff was a 

 man of considerable culture and a friend of the 

 liberal arts. His diplomatic circulars were remark- 

 able for their excellent diction, their wit, and their 

 re-istle.ss logic. The name is also Englished by 

 Gortchakoff and Gorchakov. See Klaczko's Two 

 Chancellors ( Eng. trans. 1 876 ). 



Gortschakoff, PRINCE MICHAEL, cousin of 

 the above, was born in 1795, and nerved against 

 the French in 1812-14 and against the Turks 

 in 1828-29. In the war of the Polish revolution 

 of 1831 he greatly distinguished himself, and 

 was made general of artillery. He was appointed 

 military governor of Warsaw in 1846, and took 

 part in the invasion of Hungary in 1849. On the 

 outbreak of the Crimean war he twice commanded 

 the Russian army despatched to the Danubian 

 Principalities, on the second occasion leading the 

 retreating Russian forces into Bessarabia after 

 the raising of the siege of Silistria. In 1855 

 he was appointed cornmander-in-chief in the 

 Crimea and southern Russia. He was defeated 

 on the Tchernaya, but recovered his laurels by his 

 gallant defence of Sebastopol, and by his skilful 

 retreat to the North Fort after the blowing up 

 of the fortress. Alexander II. appointed him 

 governor of Poland in 1856, and he was engaged 

 in carrying out the conciliatory policy of the czar 

 when his death occurred on May 30, 1861. 



Gory Dew, a dark-red slimy film sometimes 

 seen on damp walls and in shady places. Its 

 appearance on the whitewashed walls of damp 

 cellars, &c. is apt to occasion alarm from its 

 resemblance to blood. It is one of the lowest 

 forms of vegetable life, an alga of the group Pal- 

 mellacea', and allied to the plant to which the 

 phenomenon of Red Snow (q.v. ) is due. Its 

 botanical name is Porphyridinin i-riiendini (Pal- 

 mella cruenta). See PALMELLACEl*. 



<or/.. capital of the Austrian crown-land of 

 Gorz-Gradisca, in the Kiistenland, is charmingly 

 situated in a fruitful plain, near the Isonzo, 

 35 miles NNW. of Trieste by rail. Shut in by 

 mountains on all sides except the south, it enjoys 

 an almost Italian climate, and has of late years 

 acquired some fame as a health-resort. Among 

 its principal buildings are the old castle of the 

 former Counts of Gorz and the former Jesuit 

 college, both now used as barracks ; the cathedra), 

 with a beautiful sacristy ; and the prince-bishop s 

 and several other palaces. The surrounding plain 

 is covered with vineyards, and industries are the 

 cultivation and export of fruit and wine, whilst 

 Gor/.'s specialty has long been the printing of 

 Hebrew books for the East. There are dyeworks, 

 and important manufactures of Hour, sugar, cotton, 

 silks, rosoglio, paper, leather, soap, and matches. 

 In a Franciscan cloister close by are the graves of 

 Charles X. of France (q.v.), the Due d'Angouleme 

 and his wife, and the Comte de Chambord. Pop. 

 (1869) 16,659; ( 1890) 21,888. See Schat/mayer, 

 Der Kurort Gorz (1886).- The Austrian-Illyrian 

 Kiistenland ( ' Coastland ' ) includes the principality 

 of Gorz-Gradisca, the margraviate of Istria, with 

 the Quarnero Islands, and Trieste and its territory. 

 Its boundaries are the Adriatic on the south, and 



