308 



GOSCHEN 



GOSPELLERS 



on the remaining sides Venice, Carinthia, Carniola, 

 and Croatia. Area, 3075 sq. m. ; pop. (1880) 

 647,943; (1890) 695,394. 



Goschen, GEORGE JOACHIM, English states- 

 man, son of a London merchant of German ex- 

 traction, was born in London, August 10, 1831, 

 and was educated at Rugby and Oriel. He is 

 LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., and P.C. In 1863 he 

 wrote an exchange, and entered parliament as a 

 Liberal for the City of London. When Lord 

 Russell, after Palmerston's death, reorganised the 

 Liberal ministry, he appointed Goschen Vice- 

 president of the Board of Trade, November 1865. 

 In the following January the latter entered the 

 cabinet in consequence of his appointment as 

 chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. When 

 Gladstone became prime-minister in 1868, Goschen 

 took office as President of the Poor-law Board, 

 but three years later became the head of the 

 Admiralty, which post he retained until the 

 fall of the Gladstone ministry in 1874. Goschen's 

 next public work was the regulation, in con- 

 junction with Joubert, of the Egyptian finances 

 (1876). Then in 1878 he represented Great 

 Britain at the international monetary conference 

 held at Paris, and, two years afterwards, as am- 

 bassador extraordinary to the Porte, enforced on 

 Turkey the fulfilment towards Greece of the treaty 

 of Berlin. He strenuously opposed Home Rule; in 

 1887-92 was Unionist Chancellor of the Exchequer, 

 and in 1888 converted part of the National Debt. 

 In 1895-96, as First Lord of the Admiralty, he made 

 provision for increasing the navy. He has pub- 

 lished addresses, pamphlets, or books on finance 

 (Foreign Exchanges, 16th ed. 1894), education, &c. ; 

 and has been Lord Rector of Aberdeen and Edin- 

 burgh Universities. He sat for London 1863-80; 

 Ripon 1880-85 ; East Edinburgh 1885-86, and St 

 George's, Hanover Square, 1887-96. His grand- 

 father was the famous Leipzig bookseller, Georg 

 Joachim Goschen (1752-1828). 



Goshawk (lit., ' goose-hawk ') (Astur), a genus 

 in the family Falconidae, nearly related to the 

 sparrow-hawks (Accipiter), and like the latter 

 distinguished from the falcons proper by not having 

 a toothed or notched bill. fhe British species 

 (A. palumbarius) is now only a visitor, and a 

 rare one. It is common in the forests of north- 

 ern and central 

 Europe, and 

 ranges as far 

 east as Japan, 

 and as far south 

 as Morocco and 

 Egypt. It is a 

 rapacious bird, 

 following small 

 mammals and 

 game-birds in 

 swift, persistent, 

 and rapidly 

 altered flight. 

 The prevalent 

 colour of the 

 plumage is ashy- 

 brown ; the size 

 of the females, 

 which are de- 

 cidedly the 

 larger, is about 

 two feet. The 

 nest is large, 

 built of sticks, 



Goshawk (Astur palumbarius). 



and placed in a tree. The eggs (four) are bluish- 

 gray in colour, and laid in April or May. The 

 goshawk used to breed in Britain, and though 

 termed ' ignoble ' was employed in Falconry ( q. v. ) 



for hunting ground-game, on which it naturally 

 preys. 



The goshawk of the northern United States (A. 

 atricapillus) is larger and handsomer, but other- 

 wise very like the European species. Audubon 

 describes its meteor-like flight, the power of steer- 

 ing afforded by the long tail, its vigilant industrious 

 rapacity, and the characteristic erectness of its 

 attitude when perched or engaged with its prey. 

 A stray specimen, said to have been shot in Perth- 

 shire, is preserved in the Edinburgh Museum. The 

 Australian Goshawk (A. novce hollandice), some- 

 times called a white eagle, is remarkable in being 

 ' apparently a permanent albino.' 



Goslien* that part of ancient Egypt which 

 Pharaoh presented to the kindred of Joseph when 

 they came to sojourn in that country, appears to 

 have lain between the eastern delta of the Nile 

 and the Isthmus of Suez, as far south as the 

 modern Ismailia. The district is generally sup- 

 posed to have lain round about the Egyptian 

 Kesem (Goshen is Gesem in the Septuagint), a 

 name preserved in the classical Phacusa (Pa- 

 Kesem ), now Fakoos, about 45 miles S. of Dami- 

 etta. But in 1885-87 M. Naville tried to prove 

 that Goshen is represented by Saft-el-Henna, 6 

 miles E. of Zaga/ig, in the Wady Tumilat. See 

 the Fourth Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Fund 

 ( 1888). The LAND OF GOSHEN was the name given 

 to a part of the Barolong country in Bechuanaland, 

 South Africa, which became in 1884 the seat of a 

 mushroom Boer republic, founded by the marauders 

 who had supported Moshette, the rival of Mont- 

 sioa in his contest for the headship of the Baro- 

 longs. It was, along with the rest of Bechuana- 

 land, declared to be under British protection in 

 September 1885. 



Goslar, an ancient town of Hanover, situated 

 on the north slope of the Harz Mountains, 27 miles 

 SE. of Hildesheim. At one time a free imperial 

 city, and the residence of the emperors, it has 

 several noteworthy old buildings, as the tower 

 called the ' Zwinger,' with walls 23 feet thick ; 

 the Late Romanesque church Neuwerk, of the 

 12th century, and the Frankenberger church (1108, 

 restored 1880), both with ancient frescoes; the 

 emperor's house, built in 1050 by Henry III., the 

 dwelling-house of the emperors till the middle of 

 the 13th century, the meeting-place of more than 

 a score of imperial diets, restored in 1867-80, and 

 adorned with frescoes by Wislicenus ; the town- 

 house, built in 1136-84; and the Kaiserworth, an 

 old building containing statues of eight emperors. 

 To the south of the town is the Ranimelsberg, a 

 mountain formerly very rich in silver, gold, copper, 

 lead, sulphur, and green vitriol (sulphate of 

 iron ). The mines have been worked since 968, 

 and are still in operation. Goslar was founded 

 by Henry I. in 920. About 1350 it joined the 

 Hanseatic League. Its ancient prosperity began 

 to depart from it in the middle of the 16th 

 century ; and it suffered severely from the Swedes 

 in the Thirty Years' War. In 1802 it ceased to be 

 a free imperial town and fell to Prussia, to whom 

 it again returned in 1866, after having in the 

 meantime belonged to Westphalia (from 1807) and 

 Hanover (from 1816). Here were born Henry IV. 

 and Marshal Saxe. The Wordsworths \vere here in 

 1798. Pop. ( 1875) 9838 ; ( 1895) 18,966. 'See works 

 by Mithoff (1874) and Wolfstieg (1885). 



Gospellers, a word used with three different 

 designations. ( 1 ) A term applied by the Roman 

 Catholics to those Reformers who taught the people 

 the words of Scripture in their own vulgar tongue, 

 as Wyclif and his followers. (2) A class of 

 Antinomians, about the period of the Reformation, 

 who drew ' strange inferences ' from the doctrine 



