GOTTSCHALK 



325 



Swedes in 1632. See works by Frensdorff (1878) 

 ;n,.| BMMlblatt(1881). 



4.o((x4 hulk, a monk of Fulda, studied Augus- 

 tine's works in tlie monastery at Orbais in the 

 ili< !".< i.t s,.i--oiis, and adopted such strong views 

 >n I'redcMiiiation (q.v. )that l{abanus(q.v.), Arch- 

 l.i-lii|i ni Mainz, had him condemned as a heretic 

 in Ms His own archbishop, Hincmar (q.v.) of 

 Kli'-ims, deposed and imprisoned him ; and though 

 tiott.Hchalk recanted under the lash, he died in 

 pii-on 868. 



Gottsrtiall, RUDOLF VON, poet and novelist, 

 l.oni at I'.reshm 30th September 1823, made his 

 .Id. ut with poems in 1842. Successful plays were 

 I'ift tnnl Fox and jMiitbertim- run Mericourt. Die 

 1,'nt/in (IS53) and Curio Zeno (1854) were epic 

 poems. I>if Diutsdir Xutiinmll iterator des 19ten 

 J,if,r/, umterts (4 vols. 1855-92) unit Poetik (6th ed. 

 I V.H), an- his most important books on I he history of 

 literature. His dramatic works (including CoMorww 

 //"/'yirrf, Amy Kobsart, and Arabella Stuart) till 12 

 volume-: his novels (including Withered Leaves, 

 translated 1879) are numerous, as also essays 

 published in Unsere Zeit and other magazines 

 edited by him : and he published several records of 

 travel (Italy, Paris, &c. ). He was ennobled in 1877. 



Gottsctied, JOHANN CHRISTOPH, an important 

 figure in the history of German literature, was born 

 at .linlitlienkirch, near Konigsberg, in Prussia, 

 rVbnmry 2, 1700. At the university of Konigs- 

 herg he studied philosophy, belles-lettres, and 

 languages. In 1724 lie removed to Leipzig, where 

 in 1730 he became professor of Philosophy and 

 Poetry, and in 1734 professor of Logic and Meta- 

 physics. He died 12th December 1766. Between 

 IT'-'!' and 1740 Gottsched exercised a sort of John- 

 sonian dictatorship in the world of polite literature 

 in < lermany. At lirst he laid down, in various 

 periodicals which he edited, rules and theories for 

 the composition of poetry, and sharply criticised 

 the iHinibastic absurdities of the Silesian school of 

 poets. At the same time he laboured, to the best 

 of his abilities, to improve bis mother-tongue as 

 a literary vehicle, by aiming at greater polish, 

 formal completeness, and elegance. But his chief 

 endeavours were directed to the reformation of the 

 German drama, a work in which, in co-operation 

 with the Neubers, he did indeed effect a very 

 meritorious alteration, in that he raised the moral 

 tone, the literary workmanship, and the taste of 

 the acting plays, banished the coarse buffooneries 

 of Hanswurst ( ' Jack Pudding ' ) from the boards, 

 and recommended as models the best class of French 

 theatrical pieces. But his reforming zeal carried 

 him too far, and brought him on to the dangerous 

 ground of excess. He became pedantic and vain ; 

 his critical faculty became distorted ; he manifested 

 a petty jealousy of all literary authority save his 

 own, opposing himself to the Swiss writers Bodmer 

 and Hreitinger, and refusing to see any merit in 

 Klopstock and Lessing. His own model drama, 

 The Dying Goto ( 1732 ), notwithstanding its immense 

 -in-ee.88, is sadly barren of poetry and dramatic 

 action. He did, however, leave one useful work, 

 Nothiger Vorrath zur Geschichte der Deutsche n 

 '/nniiatischen Dichtkunst (1757-65), an unfinished 

 catalogue of plays from 1450 to 1760. See Danzel, 

 Gottsched uml xi-iiie Zeit (1848); and Bernays, 

 Goethe tun! (t'ntt.iched, zirei Biographien (1880). 



< or / von Berlichingcn, ' of the Iron Hand,' 

 a German knight of the Kith century, was born at 

 Jaxthausen, in Wiirtemherg, in 1480. (Gotzisan 

 abbreviation of Gottfried.) His education was con- 

 ducted by his uncle Conrad, with whom he attended 

 the diet of Worms in 1495. From 1497 onwards to 

 1525 his restless spirit, and the general turbulence 

 of the time, involved him in continual feuds, in 



which lie displayed a mixture of lawless daring and 

 chivalrous magnanimity. At the siege of Land* 

 hut (1505) he lost IIIH right hand, which wan 

 replaced by an artificial one of steel, cunningly 

 invented by himself ; it is still shown at JagHtfelfl. 

 Twice he was declared under the ban of the empire 

 fin acts which were little better than acts of brig- 

 andage or highway roblery in 1512 for plunder- 

 ing a band of NiiremlM-r^ merchant*, and in 1516 

 for carrying off Count Philip of Waldeek and 

 extorting a large ransom for his Migration. Having 

 joined Duke Ulrich of \\ mil mlwjrg when this 

 prince was attacked (1519) f by the Swabian league, 

 Gotz, after making an heroic defence of Mockmiihl, 

 was, contrary to the articles of his capitulation, 

 taken prisoner, and only released at the intercession 

 of his friends, George von Frundsberg and Franz 

 von Sickingen, on payment of 2000 florins ransom. 

 In the Peasants' War of 1525 he took part with the 

 insurgents and was chosen leader of a part of their 

 forces. This step he ascribes to compulsion ; more 

 likely it was the result of his own restless and tur- 

 bulent spirit, and of a desire for revenge on his old 

 enemies of the Swahian league. Although acquitted 

 of blame for his participation in this affair oy the 

 supreme court or the empire, he was nevertheless 

 captured by his enemies of the Swabian league, 

 kept a prisoner at Augsburg for a couple of years, 

 and at last sentenced to perpetual imprisonment 

 in his own castle, and, in case of his breaking 

 this condition, to a fine of 20,000 florins. He was 

 only f reed from this irksome bondage on the dissolu- 

 tion of the league in 1540. Two years later he was 

 again in action, fighting with the emperor in Hun- 

 gary against the Turks, and two years later still 

 in France. He died July 23, 1562, in his castle at 

 Hornberg on the Neckar. He wrote an account of 

 his own life, published by Pistorius (Num. 1731 ; 

 Bresl. 1813), which furnishes an excellent picture 

 of the social life and manners of the period, and on 

 which Goethe grounded his drama of Goetz von 

 Berlichingen, translated by Sir Walter Scott. 



Gouda (Dutch Ter Gouwe), a town of South 

 Holland, on the right bank of the Hollaendsche 

 Yssel, 13 miles by rail NE. of Rotterdam. The 

 church of St John has a suite of magnificent stained- 

 glasswindows (1560-1603) by the brothers Crabeth, 

 and a fine organ. Gouda makes clay-pipes, candles, 

 cigars, and trades in Gouda cheese. Pop. 20,100. 



Gondimel, CLAUDE, composer, born at Besan- 

 con in 1505, taught music at Rome, composed 

 masses, motets, chansons, harmonised Marot's 

 psalms, and perished at Lyons as a Huguenot, 

 29th August 1572 (just after St Bartholomew). 



Gough, HUGH GOUOH, VISCOUNT, born at 

 Woodstown in Limerick 3d November 1779, served 

 at the Cape, in the West Indies, and through the 

 Peninsular war, especially distinguishing himself at 

 Talavera and Vittoria. In 1837 he went to India 

 as major-general, and in the following year was 

 made commander-in-chief of the forces sent against 

 China. After storming Canton and forcing the 

 passage of the Yang-tsze- Kiang, he compelled the 

 Chinese to sign the treaty of Nanking ( 1842). In 

 1843 he defeated the Mahrattas at Maharajpur, 

 and brought about the peace of Gwalior. On the 

 outbreak of the Sikh war in 1845 he worsted the 

 enemy in the brilliant battles of Mudki, Firoz- 

 shah,* and Sobraon, for which he was given a 

 peerage. In 1848 the Sikhs renewed the war, but 

 were again defeated by Gough at Raninagar, 

 Chillianwalla, and Gujerat, victories which resulted 

 in the annexation of the Punjab to British India. 

 Gough was in 1849 created a viscount, and about 

 the same time returned to England. He was made 

 field-marshal in 1862, and died near Dublin, 2d 

 March 1869. 



