326 



GOUGH 



GOULD 



Gougll, JOHN BARTHOLOMEW, temperance 

 lecturer, was born at Sandgate, Kent, August 

 22, 1817 ; his father was a pensioner of the Penin- 

 sular war, his mother a village schoolmistress. At 

 the age of twelve he was sent to America, and 

 worked on a farm in Oneida county, New York. 

 In 1831 he went to New York city, where he found 

 employment in the binding department of the 

 Methodist book establishment ; but habits of dissi- 

 pation lost him this employment, and reduced him 

 to that of giving recitations and singing comic songs 

 at low grog-shops. He was married in 1839 ; but 

 his drunken habits reduced him to poverty and 

 delirium tremens, and probably caused the death 

 of his wife and child. In 1842 a benevolent Quaker 

 induced him to attend a temperance meeting and 

 take the pledge ; and soon afterwards, resolving to 

 devote the remainder of his life to the cause of 

 temperance, Goiigh attended temperance meetings 

 and related his experience with such effect as to 

 influence many others. A few months later he had 

 a short relapse into drunkenness ; but an eloquent 

 confession restored him to favour, and he lectured 

 with great pathos, humour, and earnestness in 

 various parts of America. In 1853 he was engaged 

 by the London Temperance League, and lectured 

 for two years in the United Kingdom, where he 

 attracted large crowds to his meetings. He was 

 again in England in 1857-60 and 1878. In some 

 of his later addresses he took up literary and social 

 topics, and acquired a moderate fortune by his 

 lectures. He died at Frankford, Pennsylvania, 

 February 18, 1886. He published an Autobio- 

 graphy (1846); Orations (1854); Temperance Ad- 

 dress (1870); Temperance Lectures (1879); and 

 Sunlight arid Shadow, or Gleanings from my Life- 

 work (1880). 



CrOUgll, RICHARD, English antiquary, was born 

 in London, 21st October 1735. On leaving Benet 

 (now Corpus Christ!) College, Cambridge, in 1756, 

 he began work as a professed antiquarian by a 

 visit to Peterborough and Crowland, and continued 

 to make similar excursions down to 1771. Two 

 years later he commenced the preparation of an 

 English version of Camden's Britannia, which was 

 issued in 1789. But three years previously he had 

 published his important Sepulchral Monuments of 

 Great Britain, which was brought down only to the 

 end of the 15th century. Amongst numerous minor 

 works from Gough's pen was a History of the 

 Society of Antiquaries of London ( 1770). He died 

 at En'field, in Middlesex, 20th February 1809. 



Goiljon, JEAN, the most skilful sculptor of 

 France during the 16th century. The date and 

 place of his birth are not known. The finest pro- 

 ductions of his chisel are a figure of ' Diana reclining 

 by a Stag,' now in the Louvre, a remarkably vigor- 

 oils and graceful work ; the reliefs for ornament- 

 ing the Fountain of the Innocents, also in the 

 Louvre ; the sepulchral monument to the Duke of 

 Breze, in Rouen Cathedral if it is by him 

 executed some time between 1540 and 1552 ; and 

 several reliefs in the Louvre, where Goujon worked 

 from 1555 to 1562, especially four Caryatides. He 

 was a Huguenot, but seems to have died before the 

 Bartholomew massacre in 1572. 



4. out hum. a town of New South Wales, 134 

 miles SW. of Sydney by rail, with several tan- 

 neries, boot and shoe factories, flour-mills, and 

 breweries, and a busy trade in agricultural pro- 

 duce. It is a substantially built town, with gas 

 (1879) and a good supply of water. The seat of 

 an Anglican and of a Roman Catholic bishop, it 

 contains a handsome Church of England cathedral 

 (Gothic, consecrated in 1884) and a Roman Catholic 

 cathedral. It has also a Catholic college and a 

 convent. Pop. (1891) 10,916. 



Goulburn, EDWARD MEYBRICK, D.D., son of 

 Edward Goulburn, serjeant-at-law, was born 1818. 

 He was educated at Eton and Balliol College, 

 Oxford, where he graduated in 1839, and in 1841 

 was elected a Fellow of Merton. After holding the 

 Oxford incumbency of Holywell, he became head- 

 master of Rugby ( 1850-58 ), in succession to Dr Tait. 

 He next became prebendary of St Paul's (1858); 

 chaplain to the Queen, and vicar of St John's, 

 Paddington (1859); and Dean of Norwich (1866), 

 which office he resigned in 1889. In 1872 he led 

 the opposition to Dean Stanley's proposal to make 

 subscription to the Athanasian Creed permissive in 

 the case of ordination. Among his publications are 

 The Philosophy of Grammar, with especial reference 

 to the Doctrine of the Cases (1852); Thoughts on 

 Personal Religion ( 1862 ) ; and The Office of the Holy 

 Communion ('1863). Died 3d May 1897. 



Gould, BENJAMIN APTHORP, astronomer, was 

 born in Boston, Massachusetts, 27th September 

 1824, graduated at Harvard in 1844, and received the 

 degree of Ph.D. at Gottingen in 1848. Returning 

 to America, he conducted the Astronomical Journal 

 from 1849 to 1861, was director of the Dudley Ob- 

 servatory at Albany in l?56-59, and in 1866 was the 

 first to determine by aid of the submarine cable 

 the difference in longitude between Europe and 

 America. Appointed in 1868 to direct the national 

 observatory at Cordoba in the Argentine Repub- 

 lic, he organised an admirable series of stations 

 throughout the country, and mapped a large part 

 of the southern heavens : his ifranometry of the 

 Southern Heavens has done for the southern hemi- 

 sphere what Argelander's Atlas did for the 

 northern. In 1885 he returned to the United 

 States, where he received the degree of LL.D. 

 from Harvard in 1885, and from Columbia in 1887. 

 Dr Gould published valuable astronomical reports 

 and charts, and was a member of numerous scien- 

 tific societies. Died November 26, 1896. 



Gould, JAY, American financier, was born, the 

 son of a farmer, at Roxbury, New York, 27th May 

 1836. He made a survey of parts of the state, 

 engaged for a short period in lumbering, and 

 accumulated enough capital to become in 1857 

 the principal shareholder in the bank of Strouds- 

 burg, Pennsylvania. He now began to buy up 

 railroad bonds, and in 1859 established himself 

 as a broker in New York city. He was president 

 of the Erie railway company till 1872, and after- 

 wards invested largely in the stocks of other rail- 

 ways and telegraph companies. In 1882, a question 

 of his commercial stability having arisen, he took 

 the effective step of producing stock certificates 

 having a face value of $53,000,000, and offered to 

 produce $20,000,000 more ; in 1887 he was reputed 

 to control over 13,000 miles of railway, or nearly a 

 tenth of the mileage of the country. Died Dec. 

 2, 1892, leaving an estate of $72,000,'000. 



Gould, JOHN, ornithologist, born at Lyme, 

 Dorsetshire, in 1804. Removing in early life to 

 the neighbourhood of Windsor, where his father 

 was foreman in the Royal Gardens, his ruling 

 passion soon showed itself. He became curator to 

 the Zoological Society's Museum in 1827, when the 

 friendship of Mr N. A. Vigors encouraged him in 

 the production of the first of the large illustrated 

 folios the publication of which from time to time 

 established his reputation. This was a Century of 

 Birds from the Himalaya Mountains (1832), the 

 plates being drawn and coloured by his wife. Next 

 after this followed Monograph of the Ramphastidce 

 (Toucans) (1834), Icones Avium (1837), Birds of 

 Europe ( 1832-37 ), and Monograph of the Trogonidfe 

 (1838). Assistance was now granted him to pro- 

 ceed to Australia in order to study its natural 

 history ; the results of his investigations appeared 



