GOUNOD 



GOURD 



327 



in /;,W.v ,,f A *t ,!, (7 v,,ls. 1840-48), Mam- 

 ./ Australia (1845), an<l Fmtuli/ <>f K<n, 



./ 



-H i-Ji. Hi-, .Mu,i,irni>li nf the IOH 

 t,,/, Inn-inn- i Am. -ri< -an Partridges) appeared in 

 i MI MI, .ui(l hi* Iliiininiiiif Birtuio 1849. He took 

 pain* \\illi tin- illustrations to the latter. 

 ' 



the humming-birds, of which he had a splendid 

 collection on view at the Exhibition of 1851, Ix-ing 

 fa\. unites with him. Gould's other great 

 \\oiks, several of which were left unfinished, were 

 . ,,/' i.'r.-nt lin'tnin (1862), Birds of Asia, and 

 . !,f \i-u' (! n i in-<t.. Gould, who was a Fellow 

 <if the Zoological Society, helped to prepare the 

 department 'Birds' in the Zonlnyy of the Voyage 

 of tin- lli-'t<ilt\ was a keen sportsman, an accurate 

 observer, and a patient and successful labourer in 

 his chosen field of study. He died February 3, 

 Issi. See \\'< stni luster Review, 1841 ; and Nature, 

 1861. 



<.oiino<l. CHARLES FRANCOIS, an eminent 

 French composer, was born in Paris, 17th June 

 |s|s, and studied at the Conservatoire under 

 Halevy, Lesueur, and Paer. Obtaining the first 

 pri/e in 1839, he was sent to Rome to complete 

 hi* musical education, and while there devoted 

 himself chiefly to religious music. On his return 

 i I'ari-, he was for a time attached to the church 

 of the Missions Etrangeres, where his earliest 

 compositions were performed; one of them, a 

 M,:I.II- Snl r n >:l le, was the first work which brought 

 him into general notice. For a time he contem- 

 plated taking orders, and went through part of the 

 preliminary novitiate. His first opera, Sappho, was 

 produced in 1851 ; in 18.12 he wrote choruses for 

 Pmisard's drama of Ulysse; and in 1854 appeared his j 

 opera of La Nonne Sanglante. His comic opera, j 

 Le Medecin malgre lui ( 1858), was a great success ; 

 it was followed in 1859 by Faust, which at once 

 attained European popularity, and raised its 

 composer to the foremost rank of contemporary 

 musicians. Philemon et Baucis followed in 1860; in 

 1862, La Heine de Saba (brought out afterwards in 

 England as Irene); in 1864, Mireille ; in 1867, llomto 

 tt Juliette; in 1878, Polyeucte ; in 1881, Le Tritmt 

 de Zamora. He also published much church 

 music, including several masses, hymns, and 

 motets or anthems, and was extensively popular as 

 a song- writer. His oratorio, The Redemption, pro- 

 duced at the Birmingham Festival in 1882, and 

 deemed by {he composer his masterpiece, has 

 achieved great popularity in Britain, though less 

 ined abroad : its sequel, Mors et Vita, written 

 for and produced at the succeeding Festival in 1885, 

 has not gained equal approval. From 1870 to 

 Is7"> he resided in England, where his works are 

 a- much admired as in his own country, his sacred 

 music probably even more. A master of the 

 orchestra, he was the originator of new and impres- 

 sive combinations. His dramatical faculty is often 

 dominated by the lyric element ; he exhibits a sin- 

 gular combination of the mystic and the voluptu- 

 ous e.g. sensuous melodies with solemn religious 

 harmonies. Faust is generally regarded as his most 

 enduring work. A member of the Institute ( 1866) 

 and a Commander of the Legion of Honour (1877), 

 he died 18th October 1893. See works by Paguerre 

 (1890) and Marie Anne de Bovet (1891), and the 

 elaborate Aunh/tiad Index to his works by R. 

 Dowdier Sharpe (1893). 



<.our;i. a genus of beautifully crested ground- 

 loving pigeons, including the largest and perhaps 

 finest members of the family. They inhabit New 

 Guinea and adjacent islands, where they are fond 

 of walking in pheasant-like fashion along the forest 

 paths. They nest on trees and feed on fruits. The 

 fn-t known species, G. coronatwt, is a beautiful 

 bird over two feet in total length, with the charac- 



teristic fan-like crest on the head. It u Home- 

 tim.- kepi among poultry, and it flesh ia much 

 esteemed. 



<>oiird (Cucurbita), a genus of plant- of the 

 natural order Cucurbitaceu-, nearly allied to the 

 cuniMilM'i . having male and female flowers on the 

 -am.- plant, the (lowers large and yellow. The 

 species are annual plant - of very rapid growth, their 

 leaves and stems rough, their leaves broad and 

 lobed, their stems of ten very long and trailing; they 

 are natives of warm climate, although the native 

 region of the kinds chiefly cultivated is very 

 uncertain, and they have probably been greatly 

 modified by long cultivation, so that perhaps all 

 of them may be forms of one original species, a 

 native of some of the wanner parts of Asia. The 

 Common Gourd or Pumpkin, Citrouille of the 

 French ( C. pepo ), with smooth globose or pear- 

 shaped fruit, varying from the size of a large apple 

 to 50 or 100 Ib. in weight, is much culti- 

 vated both in gardens and fields in almost all 

 parts of the world of which the climate is warm 

 enough' for it ; and the fruit is not only a very 

 important article of human food, but is also used 

 along with the superabundant shoots for feeding 

 cattle. In many countries pumpkins are a princi- 

 pal part of the ordinary food of the poorer classes, 

 and are much used even by the wealthy ; they are 

 not eaten raw, but dressed in a great variety of 

 ways as in pies, with sugar, spice, &c., or sliced 

 and fried with oil or butter, or made into soups, 

 &c. Pumpkins are much cultivated in North 

 America. In England they are also cultivated, 

 but not to a great extent, and never as foot! for 

 cattle. The Vegetable Marrow (C. ovifera or C. 

 succada) appears to be a mere variety of the 

 pumpkin. It is now more generally cultivated in 

 Britain than any other kind of gourd, being one of 

 the most hardy, and its fruit of excellent quality 

 and useful for' culinary purposes at almost every 

 stage of its growth. When full grown the fruit 

 is elliptic, very smooth, generally about 9 inches 

 long and 4 inches in diameter ; but there are 

 many varieties distinguished by the form of the 

 fruit' and by the delicacy of the texture and flavour 

 of the flesh. One of the most valuable gourds for 

 culinary purposes is the Great Gourd ( C. maxima ), 



The Great Gourd ( Cucurbita maxima ) : 

 Branch with flower. 



of which the Spanish Gourd is a green-fruited 

 variety ; and the Great Yellow Gourd, the largest 

 of all, has yellow fruit, with firm flesh of a deep 

 yellow colour. It is sometimes fully 200 Ib. in 

 weight and 8 feet in circumference. The form 

 of the fmit is a somewhat flattened globe; when 

 lioiled it is a very pleasant and wholesome article 

 of food. It is much cultivated in the south of 



