336 



GOZZOLI 



GRACCHUS 



imitate the English Spectator. For some time 

 Gozzi was press censor in Venice. He died at 

 Padua, 26th December 1786. Besides the works 

 named he also wrote II Mondo Morale (1760), a 

 collection of essays; Letter e Famigliari (1755); 

 and Giudizio deyli Antichi Poeti sopra la Moderna 

 Censura di Dante (1758), a defence of the king of 

 Italian poets against the strictures of Bettinelli. 

 Collected editions of his works were published at 

 Venice (12 vols. 1794-98, and 22 vols. 1812). 



Goz'zoli, BENOZZO (properly Benozzo di Lese), 

 an Italian fresco-painter, a pupil of Fra Angelico, ' 

 was born at Florence about 1420. At Montefalco 

 (1450-52) he painted the ' Virgin giving her Girdle 

 to St Thomas ' in S. Fortunate, and a series of 

 frescoes illustrating the life of St Francis, an An- 

 nunciation, and a Crucifixion, in the monastery of 

 S. Francesco. At Florence (1456-64) he adorned 

 the Palazzo Riccardi with scriptural subjects, and 

 painted various similar frescoes at San Gemignano 

 (1464-67). His name is likewise intimately asso- 

 ciated with a series of twenty-four fine frescoes in 

 the Campo Santo or cemetery at Pisa (1468-84). 

 He died at Pisa in 1498. His works show great 

 individuality of treatment, true landscape feeling, 

 and something of the naturalistic tendencies of Fra 

 Filippo. See an article by Stillman in the Century 

 for November 1889. 



Graaf, REGNIER DE, a Dutch physician and 

 anatomist, was born at Schoonhoven, 30th July 

 1641, studied at Leyden under Dubois (De le 

 Boe), better known as Sylvius, and afterwards in 

 France, taking the degree of doctor of medicine at 

 Angers in 1665. The year after he settled at Delft, 

 where he practised until his death, 17th August 

 1673. In 16(53 he wrote Disputatio Medica de 

 Naturn et Usu Sued Pancreatiei, which gained him 

 a great reputation. In the course of his investiga- 

 tions in abdominal anatomy he discovered, in 1672, 

 the Graafian follicles of the female ovum (see OVA- 

 RIOTOMY ). He wrote several dissertations on the 

 organs of generation in both sexes, which involved 

 him in a prolonged and angry controversy with 

 Swammerdam. His Opera Omnia were published 

 at Leyden in 1677, and republished in 1686 and 1705. 



Graafian Follicles. See OVARIOTOMY. 



Graaf-Reinet, a town of Cape Colony, nearly 

 girdled by the Sunday River, 185 miles N. of Port 

 Elizabeth by rail. Founded in 1784, it still pre- 

 serves the quaint and simple characteristics of the 

 old Dutch town ; and with its vineyards, orchards, 

 and gardens, in contrast to the burning karroo 

 plains that encircle it, it has been well called ' the 

 gem of the desert.' The streets are wide, with 

 rows of oak, orange, and other trees, and broad 

 channels of running water ; the houses white, with 

 overhanging thatches and broad 'stoeps.' Behind 

 it the Sneeuwberg Mountains rise to a height of 1000 

 to 1500 feet. Pop. (1891) 5946. The division of 

 the same name has an area of 3792 sq. in., and a 

 population of about 17,000. 



GracchllS, the name of a Roman family, of 

 the gens Sempronia, which contributed several 

 famous citizens to the state : ( 1 ) Tiberius Sem- 

 pronius, a distinguished opponent of Hannibal in 

 the second Punic war, who fell in battle against 

 Mago, 212 B.C., and was honoured by Hannibal 

 with a splendid funeral. (2) Tiberius Sempronius, 

 the father of the two tribunes whose fame has 

 overshadowed all the others. He was born about 

 210 B.C., filled successively all the high offices of 

 state, conquered the Celtiberi, and by his kindly 

 treatment of the Spaniards earned their lasting 

 gratitude. He married Cornelia, the youngest 

 daughter of P. Scipio Africanus, who bore him 

 twelve children, of whom all died in youth save a 

 daughter, Cornelia, who married P. Scipio Africanus 



the younger, and the two illustrious sons whose 

 history follows. 



TIBERIUS SEMPRONIUS GRACCHUS was born 

 about 168 B.C., and was educated with great care 

 by his excellent mother, his father having died 

 while he was yet very young. He was already a 

 distinguished soldier when in 137 he served as 

 quaestor to the army of the consul Mancinus in 

 Spain, where the remembrance of his father's 

 honour, after forty years, enabled him to gain 

 better terms for the 20,000 Roman soldiers who 

 lay at the mercy of the Numantines. But the 

 peace was repudiated at Rome, and Mancinus was 

 stripped naked and sent back to the Numantines, 

 as if in that way the treaty could be rendered void. 

 The hopeless poverty in which thousands of the 

 Roman citizens were sunk now began to weigh 

 upon the mind of Gracchus, and ere long he 

 plunged into an agitation for reform to which he 

 was soon to sacrifice his life. Elected tribune of 

 the people in 133, he endeavoured to reimpose the 

 agrarian law of Licinius Stolo, and after violent 

 opposition on the part of the aristocratic party, 

 who had bribed his colleague M. Octavius Csecina, 

 he succeeded in passing a bill to that effect. 

 Tiberius Gracchus, his brother Cains, and his 

 father-in-law Appius Claudius were appointed 

 triumvirs to enforce its provisions. Meantime 

 Attalus, king of Pergamus, died, and bequeathed 

 all his wealth to the Roman people. Gracchus 

 therefore proposed that this should be divided 

 among the poor, to enable them to procure agri- 

 cultural implements and to stock their newly- 

 acquired farms. It is said that he also intended 

 to extend the franchise, and to receive Italian 

 allies as Roman citizens. But fortune turned 

 against the good tribune. He was accused of 

 having violated the sacred character of the tribune- 

 ship by the deposition of Csecina, and thousands of 

 the fickle mob deserted their champion and bene- 

 factor. The selfish and unscrupulous aristocrats 

 formed a ring for his destruction, a bad eminence 

 in which belonged to P. Corn. Scipio Nasica. In 

 the midst of the next election for the tribuneship 

 Tiberius Gracchus with some hundreds of his 

 friends was foully murdered. 



CAIUS SEMPRONIUS GRACCHUS was nine years 

 younger than his brother, and had greater natural 

 powers and wider aims. His brother's death 

 occurred while he was serving in Spain under 

 Scipio Africanus, and deterred him for some years 

 from entering into public life, but at length he 

 unexpectedly returned to Rome, urged by his 

 brother's shade to take up his mission. He stood 

 for the tribuneship, and was elected in 123, and a 

 second time the year after. His first measure was 

 to renew his brother's agrarian law, which had by 

 the machinations of the nobles been kept in abey- 

 ance. With passionate earnestness he devoted 

 himself to the cause of the poor, whose immediate 

 misery he relieved by employing them upon new 

 roads throughout all parts of Italy. But not all 

 his noble devotion to the real good of Rome could 

 save him from his brother's fate. By an intrigue 

 of the senatorial party his colleague M. Livius 

 Drusus was bribed to undermine the influence of 

 Caius by far surpassing him in the liberality of his 

 public measures, and by his benefits to the com- 

 mons, and consequently Caius was rejected from a 

 third tribuneship. At the expiry of his term the 

 senate began to repeal his enactments. Caius 

 appearing in the Forum to make opposition, 

 a fearful riot ensued, in which it is said as 

 many as 3000 of his partisans were slain. Caius 

 held aloof from the fight, but was at length com- 

 pelled to seek safety in flight. He escaped to the 

 grove of the Furies with a single slave, who first 

 slew his master and then himself. The people 



