r:i; \hi ATION 



337 



MW too lute tin* folly of which tln-v had )>een 

 guilty in abandoning tlieir l>est friend in tin- hour 

 H|, and endeavoured to atom- for their crime 

 1>\ i-n-i-tiii;,' -i.iiH-^ in the two brothers, by declar- 

 I tin- spots when- tlicir blood had been 

 -ln-d, IIIK) by oflering sacrifices to them an to 

 deitieM. Their mother survived them long, and 

 H]'n IKT tomli the UoniHii jieople inscriled the 

 \\otd-. ( 'ornelia, mother of the Gracchi.' Seethe 

 article* A.i; \i:i \\ LAWS and ROME. 



Grace, in theology, is general or special. 



linn or ifi-iifntl graee denotes the love which 

 i..., | l,; ( - to all his creatures, and the light of nature 

 ami oi coii-i-ience wliich they all enjoy. Special or 

 is the love which God has for hi- 



elect people, and by which he saves them from 

 their MIIS. Special or saving grace is spoken 

 of as electing, justifying, sanctifying grace ; also 

 as imjHih-it grace the grace of Christ's righteous- 

 ne-> imputed to those that believe on him. Grace 

 i- further efficacious and irresistible ; and elect 

 or believing people are said to stand to God in the 

 covenant of grace, Adam's relation to his Maker 

 I it-fore the tall being the covenant of works. 

 When man is said to be in a state of grace, it 

 implies that he is in the enjoyment of this divine 

 love and favour. St Paul draws a sharp contrast 

 i KOMI, xi.) between 'grace' and 'works.' 



Grace at Meals was the custom of the Jews ; 

 and Our Lord ' blessed ' or ' gave thanks ' before 

 distributing the loaves and fishes, and again before 

 and after the Last Supper. That it was the general 

 practice of the early Christians to give thanks, 

 seemingly at every meal, is evident from the writ- 

 ings of St Paul and of the Fathers. The Gelasian 

 Sacramentary (end of 5th century) contains prob- 

 ably the most ancient graces of the Latin Church 

 now extant. At Clifford's Inn the 'acted grace' 

 consisted in the raising three times, in allusion to 

 the Trinity, of four loaves, representing the four 

 gospels, which the president then propelled along 

 the polished tables to the vice-chairman, to sym- 

 bolise the spread of the gospel to the heathen. 

 The canon Non Nobis, Dumitie by William Byrd 



dicto benedicatur,' may also be mentioned. 



(race* WILLIAM GILBERT, cricketer, was born 

 18th July 1848, at Downend near Bristol, fourth 

 son of the village doctor ; was a very distinguished 

 cricketer by 1864, and soon was by far the foremost 

 of cricketers, not merely playing in the great matches 

 at home but making cricketing tours in Canada 

 ami the United States (1871 ), and Australia ( 1873). 

 He studied medicine mainly at Bartholomew's 

 Hospital (1875-78), and took L.R.C. P. at Edinburgh 

 in 1879, whereupon he settled in practice at Bristol 

 finding time also for many a brilliant exhibition 

 of his favourite game. He received a testimonial 

 of 1400 in 1879, and in 189"), when he received one 

 of over 5000, he had scored a century a hundred 

 times. He published a book on Cricket in 1891. 

 His four brothers all l>ecatne doctors, and were all 

 distinguished in the cricket-field, especially George 

 Frederick (1850-80). See W. M. Hrownlee, 

 W. G. Grace, a Biography ( 18S>.'>). 



Gracedieu, a village 5 miles NE. of Ashby- 

 de-la-Zouch, with ruins of a nunnery and the manor 

 where Francis Beaumont (q.v.) was born. 



Gracehill, a village with a Moravian settle- 

 ment (1746) 2 miles SW. of Ballymena. 



Graces (Lat. Gratice, Gr. Charites), divine 

 personifications of grace, gentleness, and beauty, 

 usually described as daughters of Zeus, who are 

 given by Hesiod as three in number: Aglaia, 

 Thalia, and Euphrosyne. The earliest concep- 

 230 



lion M-ems to have Keen but one aspect of Aphro- 

 iliti- ; tin- division into a plurality of being* came 

 later. Originally the Lacedemonian** had only two 

 Cliarites, ('jeta ami Phaenna ; the Athenian* al*o 

 had but Hegemone and Anxo. In the early age** 

 the graces were represented in elegant drapery; 

 at a later ireriod slightly draped, or entirely nuue, 

 usually holding each other by the hand, or locked 

 in each other's embrace. 



Graekle. See GKAKLK. 



Gradient, a term used chiefly in connection 

 with railways to signify a departure of the line 

 from a perfect level. See RAILWAYS, ROADS. 



<iradisrjl a town of Austria, on the Isonzo, 

 25 miles N\V. of Trieste. h'iist fortified by the 

 Venetians in 1478, Gradisca, with its territory, 

 came into the hands of Austria in 1511, and during 

 the next century and a half figured frequently in 

 the wars between Austria and Venice. In 1647 it 

 became a principality of the empire, but lapsed to 

 the imperial crown again in 1717, and in 1754 was 

 united to Gb'rz (q.v.). Pop. 1464. 



Gradual* an antiphon, introduced into the ser- 

 vice of the Mass in the 5th or 6th century, sung after 

 the epistle, and so called either from the altar-steps 

 (graaus), where it was formerly sung, or because 

 it was sung while the minister ascended the steps 

 of the Ambo (q.v.) where the gospel was read. 

 From Septuagesima to Holy Saturday the 'alleluia ' 

 with which the gradual is followed is replaced by a 

 mournful chant called the Tract. The words of the 

 gradual are nearly always taken from the Psalms ; 

 and they are invariably sung to ' plain chaunt ' 

 melodies, the compositions under this title of Haydn, 

 Mozart, and others being gradnals in name only. 

 These melodies are contained in the Gradual (Old 

 Eng. Graile), a volume of ritual music intended 

 chiefly for the choir, and containing all the plain 

 chaunt melodies appointed for the service of mass 

 throughout the year. 



Gradual Psalms, or SONGS OF DEGREES, a 

 name given l>oth by the Hebrews and in the Chris- 

 tian service-l>ooks to the fifteen psalms, 120-134 

 (119-133 in the Vulgate). The origin of this name 

 is uncertain. The oldest explanation makes it an 

 allusion to the fifteen steps Between the courts of 

 the temple, on each of which a later rabbinical 

 tradition asserts that one of the psalms was sung ; 

 and others, again, have regarded these psalms 

 either as containing a prophetic allusion to the 

 return from captivity, or as having been sung in 

 the 'going up from Babylon. But the tradition 

 has no support apart from the Talmud, and carries 

 a suggestion of having been invented to meet the 

 case ; while the plural number of the title, * goings 

 up,' is against the second explanation. A third 

 conjecture, which has more to recommend it, sup- 

 poses that the psalms were sung by pilgrims when 

 going up to Jerusalem for the great annual fea-t-. 

 In the Roman Catholic Church they are recited on 

 all Wednesdays in Lent, except the last. 



Graduation. By the term graduation is 

 meant those processes by which linear scales and 

 circles, or circular arcs, are divided into any 

 required number of parts. Such methods are con- 

 stantly employed in the division of the scales of 

 barometers, thermometers, cathetometers, reading 

 arcs or circles of theodolites, sextants, telescopes, 

 mural circles, spectroscopes, and in many other 

 instruments where precision and accuracy of 

 measurement is necessary. Since any mechanical 

 process for executing such division must be pre- 

 ceded by some independent original graduation of 

 the mechanical instrument itself, it is obvious that 

 all methods of graduation must ultimately depend 

 upon some original graduation. The subject may 



