342 



GRAGNANO 



GRAHAM 



GragliailO, a town of Italy, 20 miles by rail 

 SE. of Naples, with manufactures of wine and 

 macaroni. Pop. 8611. 



Graham, the name of an illustrious Scottish 

 family of Anglo-Norman origin, who settled in 

 Scotland during the 12th century. A Sir William 

 de Grseme received from David I. the lands of Aber- 

 corn and Dalkeith, and extensive grants of estates 

 were made to his descendants by William the Lion. 

 Alexander II. and III., and by King Robert Bruce.. 

 One of their chiefs, Sir John de Graham of Dundait', 

 was the bosom friend of the patriot Wallace, and 

 was killed at the battle of Falkirk, July 22, 1298. 

 JFrom the war of independence downwards the 

 Grahams have taken a prominent part in the public, 

 and especially in the warlike, affairs of the country. 

 Patrick Graham of Kincardine was made a peer in 

 1451 under the title of Lord Graham. His grand- 

 son was created Earl of Montrose by James IV. 

 ( 1504-5), and fell with his sovereign at the battle of 

 Flodden. The third earl twice held the office of 

 High Treasurer of Scotland, and was appointed 

 Lord Chancellor in 1599. On resigning that office 

 he was appointed Viceroy of Scotland for life. His 

 grandson, the fifth earl and first Marquis of Mon- 

 trose, is the glory of the House of Graham (see MON- 

 TROSE). His eldest surviving son, who was born in 

 1631 and died in 1699, was termed the ' Good Mar- 

 quis.' He was peculiarly amiable in his disposition, 

 and delighted in the quiet and peace of private life. 

 The fourth marquis was appointed High Admiral of 

 Scotland in 1705 and President of the Council in 

 1706. He was a firm supporter of the union between 

 England and Scotland, and was created Duke of 

 Montrose in 1707. He held the office of Keeper of 

 the Privy Seal under Queen Anne (1709-13), was 

 appointed Secretary of State for Scotland by George 

 I. in 1717, and a second time Keeper of the Great 

 Seal in Scotland. He was Chancellor of the univer- 

 sity of Glasgow, and died in 1742. His grandson, the 

 third duke, held in succession, under the ministry of 

 William Pitt, the offices of one of the Lords of the 

 Treasury, Paymaster of the Forces, one of the Com- 

 missioners of the Indian Board, Master of the Horse, 

 Lord Justice-general of Scotland, President of the 

 Board of Trade, and Joint Paymaster of the Forces. 

 He was also, like his father, Chancellor of the univer- 

 sity of Glasgow, and Lord-lieutenant of the counties 

 of Stirling and Dumbarton, in which he had great 

 influence. ' Few individuals,' says Sir Nathaniel 

 Wraxall, ' however distinguished by birth, talents, 

 parliamentary interest, or public services, have 

 attained to more splendid employments, or have 

 arrived at greater honours.' He died in 1836. The 

 fourth duke was Lord Steward of the Household, 

 Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and Post- 

 master-general. He died in 1874. The family 

 honours and estates were then inherited by his third 

 and only surviving son, the fifth duke. It is note- 

 worthy that the title of the family is not taken 

 from the town of Montrose, but from their hereditary 

 estate of 'Auld Montrose,' which David Graham 

 received from Robert Bruce in exchange for the 

 lands of Cardross in Dumbartonshire. The 

 Grahams of Fintry, Duntrune, Inchbrakie, Esk, 

 Menteith, Netherbv, and Norton Conyers are 

 minor branches of tlie family. See Dr James Tay- 

 lor's Great Historic Families of Scotland (1887). 



Graham, DOUGAL, the literary bellman of 

 Glasgow, was born in the village of Raploch, near 

 Stirling, about 1724. He was a hunchback, and 

 from an early age laboured irregularly as a farm- 

 servant. He followed Prince Charlie's army on its 

 southern march to Derby, apparently as a kind of 

 sutler, and made his way home soon after the dis- 

 aster at Culloden. Five months later he had his 

 metrical narrative ready, which, grotesque and 



pitiful doggerel as it is, has no mean value as a 

 record of the fresh observations of an honest and 

 not unintelligent eye-witness. Soon after this he 

 took up his abode in Glasgow, where his ready wit 

 soon made him something of a public character, 

 but he still plied his calling as a prosperous chap- 

 man or pedlar. Here also he made himself the 

 poetical chronicler of passing events, and wrote 

 many of the chap-books which he sold, and which 

 quickly became extraordinarily popular. He was 

 appointed ' skellat ' bellman (for ordinary announce- 

 ments) of the city, not earlier than 1770; but 

 there is no mention of his name in the town- 

 council records. He died 20th July 1779. Many of 

 his rambling ballads and prose chap-books were 

 anonymous, and are now impossible to trace ; of 

 the former the best known are John Hielandman's 

 Remarks on Glasgow and Turnimspike. His num- 

 erous prose chap-books are both humorous and 

 good-humoured, but never touch the region of the 

 literary, and are moreover disfigured by a constant 

 coarseness and by occasional grossness of obscenity 

 which admit of no extenuation. 



The most popular were The Whole Proceedings of 

 Jockey and Maijgy, Paddy from Cork, Lothian. Tom, The 

 History of John ('heap the Chapman, the Comical and 

 Witty Jokes of John Falkirk the Merry Piper, Leper the 

 Tailor, John Falkirk's Cariches, Comical History of 

 Simple John and his Twelve Misfortunes, and George 

 Buchanan. Both Scott and Motherwell meant to have 

 edited some of Dougal Graham's work. Tin ; was finally 

 done in a complete edition in two handsome volumes by 

 George MacGregor (Glasgow, 1883). 



Graham, SIR JAMES ROBERT GEORGE, Eng- 

 lish statesman, was born at Netherby, in Cumber- 

 land, June 1, 1792, arid educated at Westminster 

 and Queen's College, Cambridge. As private 

 secretary to the British minister in Sicily in 

 1813, he had a hand in the negotiations with 

 Murat at Naples. After his return for Carlisle as 

 a Whig in 1826 he became a warm supporter of 

 Catholic emancipation and a zealous advocate of 

 the Reform Bill. Earl Grey thereupon offered him, 

 in 1830, the post of First Lord of the Admiralty, 

 with a seat in the cabinet. But in 1834 he seceded 

 from the government, disagreeing with his col- 

 leagues on the appropriation clause of the Irish 

 Church Temporalities Act ; and, going over to the 

 Conservatives, became in 1841 Home Secretary 

 under Sir Robert Peel. In 1844 he issued a war- 

 rant for opening the letters of Mazzini, and caused 

 the information thus obtained to be communicated 

 to the Austrian minister, an act by which the min- 

 istry, and Graham in particular, incurred great 

 obloquy. He also encountered great displeasure 

 north of the Tweed by his high-handed method of 

 dealing with the Scottish Church during the 

 troubles which ended in the Disruption and the 

 formation of the Free Church. He gave Peel warm 

 support in carrying the Corn Law Repeal Bill, and 

 resigned office (1846) with his chief as soon as that 

 measure was carried. On the death of Peel in 1850 

 he became leader of the Peelite party in the Lower 

 House, and in December 1852 took office in the 

 Coalition Ministry as First Lord of the Admiralty. 

 He retired from official life in February 1855, and 

 died at Netherby, October 26, 1861. See Life by 

 Torrens (2 vols. 1863) and by Lonsdale ( 1868). 



Graham, JOHN, VISCOUNT DUNDEE, was the 

 elder son of Sir William Graham of Claverhouse, 

 in Forfarshire. His birth is placed with more like- 

 lihood in 1649 than in 1643, for he did not matricu- 

 late at St Andrews till February 1665. After 

 three years there, then four perhaps soldiering 

 under Turenne, in 1672 he entered the Dutch 

 service as cornet in the Prince of Orange's horse- 

 guards. In 1674 at the battle of Seneff he saved 

 (according to the Grameid) William's life ; in 1677 



