GRAHAM 



CJItAHAMK 



343 



he returned to Scotland, and next year received 

 .1 commission as lieutenant in a troop of hor-e 

 commanded l>\ liis r,.n-ni. Hi.- third Mftrquif of 

 Mont rose. At this time tin- government of ( 'harles 

 II. \\as engaged in its insane attempt to force 

 KpNcopaey IIJHH: the people of Scotland. A system 

 of lines ami n.iliiarv coercion WJIM carried on 

 against all nonconf ormutfl ; conventicles and field- 

 preachings were prohibited ; penalties were in- 

 flicted on ail who even harboured the recusants; 

 ami the nation lay at the mercy of informers. 

 Maddened ly oppression, and fired hy a fierce xeal 

 for the Covenant, the western peasantry Hew 

 to arms ; hut their efforts were irregular and 

 detached, and each successive failure only aggra- 

 vated their sufferings. Many were executed ; the 

 gaols were crowded with prisoners ; and those 

 who lied were outlawed, and their property confis- 

 cated. In this miserable service Claverhouse, now 

 heriff-depute of Dumfriesshire, was employed. At 

 l>riimclog, on Sunday, 1st June 1679, he encoun- 

 tered an armed body of Covenanters, but was 

 defeated, some forty of his troopers being slain, 

 and himself forced to flee from the field. Three 

 weeks later, at Bothwell Brig, he served as a 

 simple captain of cavalry. These are the only 

 affairs that can even by courtesy be called battles 

 in which Claverhouse was engaged in Scotland 

 previous to James II. 's abdication. They dis- 

 played no generalship. In detecting and hunting 

 down the Covenanters he evinced the utmost 

 activity ; still, he had nothing whatever to do with 

 the Wigtown martyrdoms, and if he caused shoot 

 John Brown, the 'Christian Carrier,' it was after 

 finding of arms and refusal to take the oath of 

 abjuration. He rose to the rank of colonel, and 

 in 1682 became sheriff of Wigtownshire, in 1683 

 was sworn a privy -councillor, in 1684 got a gift 

 of the Forfarshire estate of Dudhope, and was 

 made constable of Dundee. That same year he 

 married Lady Jean Cochrane, the daughter of a 

 Whig house, who bore him one short-lived son, 

 and who afterwards wedded the Viscount of Kil- 

 ayth. In November 1688, on his march up to 

 London to stem the Revolution, Claverhouse was 

 raised to the peerage as Viscount Dundee ; four 

 months later lie rode with fifty troopers out of 

 Kdinburgh, and, being joined by the Jacobite clans 

 and three hundred Irish, raised the standard for 

 Kin;,' James against William and Mary. After 

 various rapid movements in the north, lie sei/ed 

 Blair Castle, the key of the Highlands; and 

 General Mackay, commanding the government 

 forces, marched against him from Edinburgh. On 

 the evening of 27th July 1689 the two armies met 

 at the head of the Pass of Killiecrankie. Mackay's 

 force was between 3000 and 4000 ; Dundee's only 

 2000. Two minutes decided the contest ; before 

 the wild rush of the clansmen the redcoats 

 wavered, broke, and ran like sheep. Their loss 

 was -2000, the victors' 900 only ; but one of the 

 900 was Ian Dim nan Cath (or ' Black John of the 

 Hat ties'), as the Highlanders called Dundee. A 

 musket-ball struck him as he was waving on his 

 men, and he sank from his saddle into the arms of 

 a soldier named Johnstone. ' How goes the day ?' 

 murmured Dundee. 'Well for King James,' said 

 Johnstone, 'but I am sorry for your lordship.' ' If 

 it is well for him,' was the dying man's answer, 'it 

 matters the less for me.' Wrapped in two plaids, 

 his body was Lome to Blair Castle; and in the 

 church of Old Blair they buried him. where in 1889 

 the Duke of Athole placed a tablet to his memory. 

 ' I'doody Claverse, 'Bonnie Dundee' the two 

 names illustrate the opposite feelings Iwrne towards 

 one whom the malice of foes and the favour of 

 friends have invested with a factitious interest. 

 He was neither the devil incarnate that legend 



and Lord Macaulay have painted him, nor the 17*th- 

 centiiry Haveloc-k of Aytoiin, Napier, and Paget. 

 True, Wodrow himself admit- that 'the Hell- 

 wicked witted, UoodtUntf Graham of Claver- 

 house hated to upend his time with wine and 

 women;' Lochiel's biographer record* how he never 

 wan heard to swear, and how, ' l**ideM family 

 worship, performed regularly evening and morning 

 in his house, he retired to his closet at certain 

 hours, and employed himself in that duty.' But, 

 then, we have Claverhouse's own admission ( 1679) : 

 ' In any service I have In-en in I never Inquired 

 farther in the laws than the orders of my superior 

 officers' an admission that accuses whilst excus- 

 ing, and that is applicable to his whole career. 

 Bonnie at least he was in outward form, with 

 the 'long dark curled locks,' and the 'melancholy 

 haughty countenance,' which we know by his por- 

 traits and by Scott's matchless description. 



The letter purporting to be written to James II. by 

 Dundee after lie had got his death-wound, and first pub- 

 lished in Macpherson's Original Papers (1775', is almo.-t 

 certainly a forgery, though not Macpherson . The 

 (.',:! an ii/ is a long but unfinished Latin epic by James 

 Philip of Almerieclose (c. 1656-1713), one of Dundee's 

 followers. Written in 1691, it was first edited by the 

 Rev. A. D. Murdoch for the Scottish History Society 

 (1888). Mark Napier's Memorials and Litters of Dundee 

 i 3 vols. 1859-62) is perhaps the worst life in the language, 

 still well worth sifting. See also Aytoun's Lays of the 

 Scottish Cavaliers ( 1849 ) ; Paget's Paradoxes and Puzzles 

 (1874); Claverhouse, by Mowbray Morns ('English 

 Worthies ' series, 1887 ) ; and Clavers, the Despot's 

 Champion, by ' a Southern ' ( 1889 ). 



Graham, THOMAS, a Scottish chemist, was 

 born in Glasgow, 21st December 1805. Having 

 studied at Glasgow and Edinburgh, he Itecaine in 

 1830 professor of Chemistry in his native city, 

 and in 1837 he accepted the corresponding chair at 

 University College, London. In 1855 he was 

 appointed Master of the Mint, and resigned his 

 professorship. He died in London, 16th September 

 1869. His name is most closely associated with 

 the subject of the molecular diffusion of gases, his 

 researches in connection with which led him to 

 formulate the law ' that the diffusion rate of gases 

 is inversely as the square root of their density.' 

 Amongst his important memoirs on chemistry we 

 may mention the following : ' Absorption of Gases 

 by Liquids ; ' ' Absorption of Vapours by Liquids ; ' 

 ' Law of Diffusion of Gases ; ' ' Researches on the 

 Arseniates, Phosphates, and Mollifications of Phos- 

 phoric Acid ; ' ' Motion of Gases, their Effusion and 

 Transpiration;' 'Diffusion of Liquids;' 'Liquid 

 Diffusion applied to Analysis;' ' Liquid Trans- 

 piration in Relation to Chemical Composition ; ' and 

 'Molecular Mobility of Gases.' These were con- 

 tributed to various scientific journals, and were 

 collected in 1876. His excellent Elements of Chem- 

 istry appeared in 1837. See Life and \Vorks of 

 Graham, by Dr R. Angus Smith (Glasgow, 

 1884). 



Graham, THOMAS. See LYNEDOCH (LORD). 



Grahame, JAMES, author of The Sabbath, was 

 lorn at Glasgow, April 22, 1765. The son of a 

 prosperous lawyer, he went in 1784 to Edinburgh to 

 study law, and, after qualifying as a writer to jthe 

 Signet, was admitted as an advocate in 1795. 

 Finding law uncongenial, at forty-four he took 

 orders, and was >ucce>sivcly curate of Shipton in 

 Gloucestershire and of Sedgelield in the county of 

 Durham. Ill-health compelled him to return to 

 Scotland, where soon after he died, September 14, 

 1811. Grahame's poetical works include Mary, 

 Queen of Scots, a dramatic poem ( 1801 ) ; The Sab- 

 bath ( 1804) ; British Georgics ( 1804 ) ; The Birds of 

 Scotland ( 1806) ; and Poems on the Abolition of the 

 Slave-trade (1810). His fame resU securely on Ida 



