(ill AM.MAK-x HOOI.S 



GRAMPUS 



349 



trans, by Wright). Excellent works on utmcial languages 

 are Whitney's Sanskrit Grammar and IMIiriick'* Alt- 

 ,'tiij- . for ("Jrrrk, may be mentioned (out of 

 many) Brugmaiui'x Grammar in J. M tiller's Han<ll,u<-li </ / 

 kl(ixitic!ien Altertum*iei*rii*<'hnft t and D. B. Monro's 

 Homri-i i- '>'/<! m//iur a most guggo-tivr l>.ik; for Latin, 

 s nlg'ii Grammar (also in Miiller'o Jfaiult>it<-h), and 

 T'H Hitorifal Latin Simiaj, wliicli, though old, is 

 still the most systematic work on the subject ; innumer- 

 able v.ilu ilil.- iirtiulr-. U-arin^ on both Greek and Latin 

 are to be found in Kulm's Zritschrift, lii-zzeiiltvrgor'B 

 Hiih-ii-ii-. tin- M ninirr* de la l^oeiftf de Lini/iiintii/itf, the 

 Cambridge and the American Journals of Philology ; for 

 Keltic, the Grammars of Zeuss and Windisch (Old Irish, 

 trans, by Dr N. Moore), and Prof. Khys's Lectures on 

 \\Vlsh Philology ; for the Romance languages collectively, 

 tiii' Grammar of Diez and the (still unfinished) Grund- 

 rixmli'r nun itni.vi'henPhiloloyie of 'G. Grober ; special works 

 on these languages are too numerous to mention. For 

 Teutonic languages there is an excellent series of gram- 

 mars published by Niemeyer (Halle), on Icelandic by 

 Noreen, on Old High German by Braune, and on Middle 

 High German by Paul (Strong and K. Meyer's History of 

 the German Languaiie may also be found useful); on 

 Gothic, Braune ; see also Douse's Ulfitat, and Prof. Skeat's 

 little edition of the Gospel of St Mark in Gothic. For 

 Knglish, Sweet's Antjlo-Siixon Reader and Cook's trans, 

 of Sievers' Grammar of Old English are the best ; Prof. 

 Skeat's Principles of Eniiluh Etymology should also be 

 consulted; Storm's Emjlixche Phttoloyie is excellent, but 

 htill a fragment ; A J. Ellis' Early English Pronuncia- 

 tion (5 vols. isil'.l s;i) is a mine of information on the 

 history of the English language. 



Grammar-schools. See EDUCATION. 



Gramme is the standard unit of French 

 measures of weight, and is the weight of a cubic 

 centimetre of distilled water at 4 Centigrade (cor- 

 responding to about 39 F.) ; the other weights have 

 received names corresponding to the number of 

 grammes they contain, or the number of times they 

 are contained in a gramme (see DECIMAL SYSTEM, 

 METRE). A gramme = 15 '43248 grains troy, from 

 which the equivalents in English measure for the 

 other weights can easily be found ; thus : 



Grniiui Troy. Lb. Avolrdupoli. 



Centigramme = -1543234 = -0000220462 



Decigramme = 1-543234 = -000220462 



GRAMME = 15*43234 = -00220462 



Decagramme = 154-3234 = -0220462 



Hectogramme = 1543*234 = -22U462 



Kflagnmme = 15432-34 = 2-20462 



Myriagrainme = 154323-4 = 22-0462 - '19684 cwt. 



Quintal (q.v.) = 1543234 = 220-462 = 1-9684 



GRAMME-ATOM. A quantity of an elementary 

 substance, such that the number of grammes- 

 wcight is the same as the atomic number of the 

 element e.g. 12 grammes of carbon (C = 12). 



GRAMME-EQUIVALENT. A number of grammes- 

 weight of a substance, elementary or compound, 

 equal numerically to the quantity of that substance 

 which is chemically equivalent to unit weight of 

 hydrogen e.g. 8 grammes of oxygen, 9 grammes of 

 water. 



GRAMME-MOLECULE. A quantity of a substance, 

 elementary or compound, such that the number of 

 grammes and the molecular weight are numerically 

 the same e.g. 3'2 grammes of oxygen (O.j = 32), 18 

 grammes of water (H._,O = 18). 



Grammiche'le, a town of Sicily, 33 miles SW. 

 of Catania, on a mountain-ridge, 1768 feet above 

 sea-level. Beautiful marbles are produced in the 

 neighbourhood. It was founded in 1H93 in place of 

 the neighlnjuring town of Ochiola, which had been 

 destroyed by an earthquake. Pop. 11,804. 



GrailiniOIlt (Fr.; Belg. Geeraerdsbergen), a 

 small town in the Belgian province of East Flanders, 

 on the Dender, 14 miles by rail S. by E. of Ghent, 

 with an episcopal seminary, and famous manu- 

 factures of black lace. Pop. (1893) 11,031. 



Gramont, or GRAMMONT, PHILIBERT, COMTE 

 DE, a celebrated French courtier, was born in 1621. 



H is grandfather was husband to ' la belle CorU- 

 andi-,' <iiif of the many mitreHeH of Henry IV. 

 While Htill very young he distinxui-lii-d himself 

 as a volunteer under Condi and Turenne, and 

 quickly l>ecame a favourite at the court of Louis 

 XIV.. from his handsome figure, lively wit, and 

 wonderful luck at play. But his gallantries brought 

 him exile from France in 1662. He found a pleasant 

 refuge and congenial society among the im-ny 

 profligates that thronged the court or Charl<"- II. 

 of Kngland. Here he took his share in all the 

 intrigues that formed the sole occupation of those 

 gilded reprobates of both sexes who modelled their 

 morals on the king's. He married, but not without 

 compulsion, Elizabeth Hamilton, sister of Count 

 Anthony Hamilton, with whom lie afterwards re- 

 turned to France, there to live as he had lived in 

 England. Ninon de 1'Enclos suid he was the only 

 old man who could affect the follies of youth without 

 being ridiculous. At eighty he inspired his memoirs, 

 or at least revised tnem when written by his 

 brother-in-law, Anthony Hamilton (1646-1720). 

 This strange book is a remarkable revelation of a 

 world of intrigue and villainy, saved from detesta- 

 tion only by its brilliancy and wit. It is written 

 with equal grace and vigour, and its portraits are 

 among the best materials for the domestic history 

 of the time. Gramont survived till 1707. His 

 Mtmoires was first printed anonymously in 1713, 

 and an English translation by Boyer was published 

 in 1714. The work, though actually the compo>i- 

 tion of a foreigner, is an acknowledged French 

 classic, and has often been reprinted, sometimes in 

 forms as sumptuous as the editions by Renouard 

 (1812) and Gustave Brunet (1859). The best 

 English editions are Edwards's (1793), Malleville's 

 (1811 ), Bohn's (1846), and that published by John 

 C. Nimmo in 1889. 



Grampians, a name very loosely applied to 

 the mountain-system of the Scottish Highlands. 

 Some, for instance, restrict it to a ' chain ' of heights 

 bordering the Lowland plain from Dumbarton to 

 Stonehaven, whilst others include a 'range' ex- 

 tending from Stonehaven to Ben Nevis, as well as 

 the Cairngorm group, Schiehallion, &c. Hector 

 Boece adopted the name in 1527 from Tacitus 's 

 Mons Grampius or Granpins, the scene in 86 A.D. 

 of Agricola's crushing defeat of Galgacus. Where 

 that battle was fought has itself been hotly con- 

 tested. Ardoch, Dalginross, near Comrie, and 

 Urie, near Stonehaven, are sites named, also the 

 junction of the Isla and Tay. See also VICTORIA. 



Grampoimd, a decayed Cornish village, till 

 1824 returning two members to parliament, 7 miles 

 SW. of St Austell. Pop. 495. 



Grampus (a sailor's corruption of Ital. gran 



Grampus ( Orca gladiator). 



petce, or Span, gran pez, 'great fish'), a cetaceous 

 animal, common in almost all seas from Greenland 



