350 



GRAN 



GRANBY 



to Tasmania, not unfrequent in the Atlantic, and 

 well known on the British coasts. Constituting 

 the genus Orca, it is the largest of the Delphinidje, 

 often more than 20 feet in length ; its form spindle- 

 shaped, but thicker in proportion than the porpoise, 

 from which it also differs in the much greater 

 height of its dorsal fin, in its rounded head, and 

 its permanent conical teeth. It is remarkable for 

 its great strength and voracity, and is the only 

 cetacean which preys systematically on its warm- 

 blooded kindred on small dolphins and porpoises, 

 belugas, and even whales the grampuses, or 

 'killers' as English sailors also call them, assem- 

 bling in herds to pursue whales. 



Grail, a royal free-town of Hungary, is situated 

 on the right bank of the Danube, here crossed 

 by a bridge of boats, 25 miles NW. of Pesth, and 

 opposite the mouth of the river Gran (length, 150 

 miles). The town is the see of the primate of 

 Hungary, and its great domed cathedral (1821-56), 

 on the castle hill, rivals in its magnificent propor- 

 tions St Peter's at Rome. The palace of the prince- 

 archbisliop, who is primate of Hungary, and has 

 a rent roll of 80,000, is the chief of many build- 

 ings in connection with the cathedral. The warm 

 mineral springs of Gran have also some fame. 

 Pop. ( 1890 ) 9349. Gran was the cradle of Christian- 

 ity in Hungary ; here St Stephen, the first king, 

 was born in 979, and baptised and crowned in 1000. 

 In the next two centuries it became the greatest 

 commercial town in the kingdom ; the old name, 

 Istrogranum ( ' Danube grain-town ' ), appears now 

 in the Magyar Esztergom, and the Hungarian-Latin 

 Strigonium. Gran's fortunes never recovered from 

 the storming by the Tartars in 1241. 



Granada, an ancient Moorish kingdom of Spain, 

 embracing the south-eastern portion of Andalusia, 

 and now divided into the three modern provinces of 

 Granada, Almeria, and Malaga, the united areas 

 of which amount to 11,062 sq. m., and the united 

 pop. (1877) 1,328,464; (1887) 1,361,456. Except 

 in the narrow strip of coast region along the 

 Mediterranean, the surface is a succession of moun- 

 tain and plateau rising in the .centre to the snow- 

 capped Sierra Nevada ; but the soil is fertile, and 

 the ancient Granada, which became an independent 

 kingdom after the fall of the caliphate of Cordova 

 in 1236, supported a population of 3 millions, 

 and sent 100,000 men into the field. From 1246 

 the Moorish kings were obliged to recognise the 

 supremacy of the kings of Castile. A quarrel, 

 however, which arose between the vassal king of 

 Granada and Ferdinand and Isabella in the 15th 

 century resulted in a Avar of eleven years' duration, 

 the result of which was the complete conquest 

 of Granada by the Spaniards in 1492, and the 

 total destruction of Moorish authority in Spain. 



The modern province of Granada lias an area of 

 4928 sq. m., which includes the highest mountains 

 in the Peninsula, and one of the most picturesque 

 regions in Europe. A great portion belongs to the 

 basins of the Jenil and the Fardes (Guadiana 

 Menor), tributaries of the Guadalquivir; the Guad- 

 alfeo and other streams flow into the Mediterranean. 

 The climate is warm, but tempered by the snow- 

 clad mountain-ranges ; the fruitful soil yields the 

 products of both the temperate and subtropical 

 zones. Neither the mineral springs nor the rich 

 deposits of salt, iron, lead, copper, zinc, sulphur, 

 marble, and alabaster are much worked ; the 

 silk industry, formerly important, has nearly dis- 

 appeared, and the manufactures are now chiefly 

 weaving, sugar and brandy refining, &c. ; and the 

 trade of the province, hindered by a rock-bound, 

 inhospitable coast and the absence of roads, is 

 unimportant. Pop. ( 1877 ) 479,066 ; ( 1887 ) 480,594. 



GRANADA, the chief town of the province, and 



formerly capital of the kingdom, has sadly declined 

 since the days of its Moorish masters, but still 

 ranks as one of the larger cities of Spain. It lies 

 at the foot of the Sierra Nevada, on and between 

 two hills, the southernmost being the site of the 

 famous Alhambra(q.v. ), and is 2245 feet above sea- 

 level, and 126 (by rail 179) miles E. by S. of Seville. 

 It overlooks a fertile and extensive plain, and 

 stands on the right bank of the Jenil, which is 

 here joined by the Darro. The northern hill is 

 occupied by the Albaicin, the oldest part of the 

 town. The main part of the town lies in the plain 

 to the west of this, on both sides of the Darro, 

 which is here mostly arched over ; and the wide 

 suburbs of Elvira and Antiqueruela stretch farther 

 to the west and north. The modern town is common- 

 place and dull, with wide streets, open squares, 

 and many-windowed houses ; but the old houses, 

 with their flat roofs, turrets, many-coloured awn- 

 ings, balconies, and fountains, preserve still a half 

 oriental aspect, and the labyrinths of narrow, tor- 

 tuous, ill-paved lanes that for the most part pass 

 for streets here and there otter picturesque views. 

 The chief centres of commercial activity are the 

 old and handsome square known as the Vivar- 

 rambla and the Zacatin, or old bazaar, a street 

 which still retains much of the Moorish style. 

 On the outskirts of the town there is a shady 

 Alameda. Granada is the seat of an archbishop, 

 and has a university ( 1531 ) attended by nearly 

 1000 students. The cathedral, begun in 1529, is 

 profusely decorated with jaspers and coloured 

 marbles, and contains the tombs of Ferdinand 

 and Isabella, and of Philip I. and his consort 

 Juana, fine specimens of Italian Renaissance sculp- 

 ture, doubtfully attributed to Torrigiano. In the 

 monastery of San Geronimo the 'Great Captain,' 

 Gonsalvo di Cordova, is buried. The industry and 

 trade of the town are inconsiderable. Pop. (1877) 

 76, 108 ; ( 1887 ) 66,778. The modern city of Granada 

 was founded by the Moors in the 8th century, not far 

 from the ruins of an ancient Celtiberian town, Illi- 

 beris, and rapidly rose to distinction as a wealthy 

 trading city and as a seat of arts and architecture. 

 According to the common account, about 1350 the 

 pop. numbered 200,000, and at the time of the 

 Spanish conquest reached 400,000 ; the city was 

 surrounded by a wall fortified with 1030 towers, 

 contained 70 libraries, and was the seat of 50 

 schools of learning. But this is more or less 

 legendary. The etymology of Granada is doubtful, 

 but the Avorst explanation is that which makes 

 the name mean pomegranate. The Moors called it 

 Karnattah or Karnattah-al-Yahoud i.e. Granada 

 of the JeAA r s, to Avhom this quarter of the early toAvn 

 was given up, the Arabs retaining Illiberis, Avhich 

 they called Elvira. Karnattah possibly signifies 

 the hill or city of strangers. See Prescott's Ferdi- 

 nand and Isabella (1837); Washington Irving's 

 Conquest of Granada ( 1829 ) ; Laf uente y Alcantara, 

 Historia de Granada (4 vols. Gran. 1843). 



Granada, a department and city of Nicaragua. 

 The department, lying betAveen the Pacific and 

 Lakes Nicaragua and Managua, has an area of 

 nearly 2600 sq. m. ; it is mostly a level savannah, 

 but contains the volcano of Masaya and the Mom- 

 bacho peak (4500 feet). Pop. about 70,000. The 

 city stands on the north-west side of Lake Nicar- 

 agua, and is connected with Managua by rail. 

 Founded in 1522, it Avas formerly the chief toAvn of 

 the republic, but has suffered greatly from the 

 civil Avars ; it is still, hoAvever, of some importance 

 as a trading centre. Pop. about 10,000. 



Granadilla, the edible fruit of Passiflora 

 quadrangidaris. See PASSION-FLOWER. 



Granby, JOHN MANNERS, MARQUIS OF, an 

 English general, the eldest son of the third Duke 



