352 



GRAND SERJEANTY 



GRANITE 



supplies motive-power to numerous sawmills and 

 manufactories of furniture and wooden ware, farm- 

 ing implements, flour, machinery, &c. , though 

 steam is now in use in most of the factories ; 

 gypsum-quarries near the town supply abundant 

 material for stucco- pi aster and kindred prepara- 

 tions. White bricks are also largely made nere, 

 and many of the houses and churches are built 

 of them. The city is the seat of an Episcopal 

 bishop. Pop. (1870) 16,507; (1880)32,016; (1885) 

 41,934 ; ( 1890) 60,278; ( 1900) 87,565. 



Grand Serjeanty (magna serjeantia, of 

 magnum servitium, 'great service') was one of the 

 most honourable of the ancient feudal tenures. 

 According to Littleton, tenure by grand serjeanty 

 is where a man holds his lands or tenements of our 

 sovereign lord the king by such services as he ought 

 to do in his proper person to the king, as to carry 

 the banner of the king, or his lance, or to lead his 

 army, or to be his marshal, or to carry his swor'd 

 before him at his coronation, or his carver, or his 

 butler, or to be one of his chamberlains of the 

 receipt of his exchequer, or to do other like services. 

 These honorary services were expressly retained 

 when the military tenures were abolished in 1661. 

 Strathfieldsaye is held by the Duke of Wellington 

 in grand serjeanty, the service required being the 

 presentation to the sovereign of a flag bearing the 

 national colours on each anniversary of the battle 

 of Waterloo. The service by which the Duke of 

 Marlborough holds the manor of Woodstock is the 

 presentation to the sovereign of a French standard 

 on the anniversary of the battle of Blenheim. 



In Scotland grand serjeanty was not known as 

 a separate tenure that is to say, lands held on 

 condition of honorary services rendered to the 

 sovereign were not attended with any privileges 

 other than those attaching to lands held in a similar 

 manner of a subject superior. In that country a 

 tenure by honorary service was known as a Blanch 

 Holding (q.v. ). 



Grandson. See GRANSON. 



Grandville, the pseudonym of JEAN IGNACE 

 ISIDORE GERARD, a French caricaturist, who was 

 born at Nancy, 3d September 1803. In 1828 he 

 h'rst attracted attention by a series of humorous 

 sketches entitled Les Metamorphoses du Jour, in 

 which men with animals' faces show forth the 

 follies and foibles of human nature. This was 

 followed by several similar series of satirical cari- 

 catures of social relations, as Animaux Parlants, 

 Les Cents Proverbes, Les Fleurs Animees, &c. 

 He also practised political caricature with great 

 success. Besides this line of work, he contributed 

 illustrations to splendid editions of the Fables of 

 Lafontaine, Robinson Crusoe, Gulliver's Travels, 

 &c. Grandville died in Paris, 17th March 1847. 



Grangemouth, a rising port in Stirlingshire, 

 3 miles ENE. of Falkirk. Founded in 1777, and 

 erected into a police-burgh in 1872, Grangemouth 

 has extensive quays and warehouses, docks (in- 

 cluding a large one opened in 1882), a graving- 

 dock, and shipbuilding yards. The trade of the 

 port has risen very rapidly. In 1840 the shipping 

 entering and clearing it was 31,686 tons annually ; 

 in 1876, 840,326 ; in 1885, 1,457,991 ; and in 1894, 

 1,790,281 (one-third in the foreign trade) tons the 

 port ranking fifth in Scotland. Since 1887 there 

 has been a regular line of passenger steamers 

 between Grangemouth and London, owned by the 

 Carron Iron Company, whose works are within 2 

 miles of the port. The principal imports are 

 timber, hemp, flax, tallow, ueals, iron, and grain ; 

 and the exports are manufactured iron, and coal. 

 Grangemouth is noteworthy as having been the 

 place where some of the earliest experiments in 

 Steam-navigation (q.v.) were made. In 1801 the 



first Charlotte Dundas was built there. Pop. ( 1831 ) 

 1155; (1871)2569; (1881)4560; (1891)5833. 



Granger, JAMES, born about 1723, was edu- 

 cated at Christ Church, Oxford, and died vicar of 

 Shiplake, in Oxfordshire, in 1776. . He published a 

 long popular Biographical History of England 

 (1769; 5th ed. 6 vols. 1824), which was 'adapted 

 to a catalogue of engraved British heads,' and 

 insisted much ' on the utility of a collection of 

 engraved portraits.' His advice led to extraor- 

 dinary zeal in collecting portraits, and ' granger- 

 ised copies' became the name for works embellished 

 with engravings gathered from all quarters fre- 

 quently secured by the unconscionable mutilation 

 of valuable books of all kinds. A grangerised 

 Bible, in 45 vols. folio, contained 6000 prints, and 

 was valued at 3000 guineas. An edition of Lefevre's 

 Voltaire in 90 vols. contained 12,000 engravings 

 (mostly portraits), and cost the labour of twenty 

 years; it sold in 1856 for 800. -A grangerised 

 Clarendon's Rebellion was illustrated by Mr Suth- 

 erland at a cost of 10,000. In 1888 a London 

 bookseller had on sale, for 1500, a copy of Boydell's 

 Shakespeare, extended by the insertion of thousands 

 of plates to 36 volumes ; the sale price probably did 

 not represent the cost of the grangerising. 



Grangers, an American association of agricul- 

 turists, founded by a government clerk named 

 Kelly in 1867, under the title of 'patrons of hus- 

 bandry.' The society had a ritual and four orders 

 for men and women, and aimed at the social im- 

 provement and industrial benefit of the farming 

 class. By 1875 there were as many as 30,000 

 granges organised, but the number was after- 

 wards reduced by dissensions. In 1888 the asso- 

 ciation was united with the National Farmers' 

 Alliance, founded in the Western States about 

 1871 ; and in 1892 the united body, which had 

 attracted a following amongst working men gener- 

 ally, acquired political importance as the People's 

 Party or Populists, and had to be reckoned with at 

 elections. This party advocates the public owner- 

 ship of the railways and tramways, direct issue of 

 money by government without the intervention of 

 banks, free coinage of silver, and bi-metallism. 



Gr Jill i CHS, the ancient name of a small river 

 of Asia Minor, flowing from the northern side of 

 Mount Ida to the Propontis, and now known as 

 the Kodsha-su. On its banks Alexander the Great 

 (q.v.) defeated the Persians. 



Granier de Cassagnac. See CASSAGNAC. 



Granite ( Ital. granito, 'gritty;' Lat. gramcm^ 

 'grain'). This well-known rock is a thoroughly 

 crystalline-granular aggregate of quartz, felspar, 

 and mica. The felspar is generally orthoclase 

 (pink or gray), but some plagioclase is often 

 present. The mica may be muscovite or biotite, 

 and other varieties also occur, but the most 

 common perhaps is muscovite. There is no base 

 or matrix in this rock the several crystals and 

 crystalline granules, confusedly commingled, being 

 bound together by their faces. In crystallising out, 

 the felspar and mica have interfered with each 

 other's development, so that these minerals rarely 

 assume perfect crystalline forms. The quartz 

 still more rarely appears in the form of perfect or 

 even approximately perfect crystals, but occurs as 

 irregular crystalline granules, or seems to be 

 moulded upon and hemmed in between the other 

 minerals. Fluid cavities are generally plentiful in 

 the quartz. As a general rule the component 

 crystals of granite have separated out in the follow- 

 ing order : mica, felspar, quartz. Occasionally, how- 

 ever, it is found that tne felspar and the quartz 

 have crystallised together, and thus mutually 

 interfered with each other's form. More rarely 

 the formation of the quartz has even precedeJ 



