GRANULATIONS 



GRAPHIC METHODS 



357 



Granulations, the materials of new texture 

 at* first formed in a wound or on an ulcerated 



sui fact-, s.'c INFLAMMATION, CICATRISATION, 

 NVorNDs, Ti-CKits. 



Grannlite, or LEPTYNITE, a schistose but 

 :iiui-s massive axgrt'gate of quartz and ortho- 

 dasc with ^ainets. The garnets are disseminated 

 i i regularly, and are not infrequently accompanied 

 hy Ryanite (q.v. ). This rock is classed with the 

 < -i vstalline schists. 



l.ranvelle, ANTOINE PERRENOT DE, Cardinal 

 and statesman (whose name out of France was 

 subsequently spelt Granvella), was born in 1517 at 

 1 1 man- in Burgundy. He studied law at Padua, and 

 th'olo<_'v at Louvain. A canon for a short time 

 at Krsanron, lit- was in 1">4O appointed Uisliop of 

 A IT; is. His father now chancellor of the empire 

 under Cliarli-s V., he was entrusted with many 

 diplomatic missions, which he discharged with 

 marked ability. Succeeding his father in the chan- 

 cellorship in 1050, he accompanied Charles V. in 

 the flight from Innsbruck, and framed the treaty 

 of Passau, 1552. On the abdication of Charles in 

 1555 he transferred his services to Philip II. In 

 1559 he was appointed prime- minister to Margaret 

 of Parma in the Netherlands. In 1560 he was 

 created Archbishop of Malines, and next year was 

 made cardinal. Such, however, was the hostility 

 which his policy of repression provoked in the Low 

 Countries that at the king's advice he retired in 

 1564 to Franche Comte. After six years of com- 

 parative quiet he in 1570 represented Spain at 

 Koine in drawing up a treaty of alliance with 

 Venice and the papal see against the Turks. For 

 five years ( 1570-75) he successfully held the office 

 of viceroy of Naples. He died at Madrid in 1586. 



Granville, a fortified seaport in the French 

 department of La Manche, is situated on a rocky 

 promontory on the English Channel, 23 miles 

 NE. of St Malo. The 15th-century church and a 

 hydrographic college are the principal institutions. 

 Chief industries, hshing (oysters and cod), ship- 

 building, manufacture of brandy, chemicals, iron- 

 ware, and tanning ; chief exports, fish and building- 

 stone ; chief imports, salt, manure, corn, and flour. 

 Pop. (1891) 10,469. The town has been captured 

 l.y the French (1450) and the English (1695), and 

 unsuccessfully besieged by the Vendeans ( 1793) and 

 the English (1803). 



Granville, EARL. See CARTERET. 



Granville, GEORGE LEVESON-GOWER, second 

 EARL, statesman, was born May 11, 1815, being 

 the eldest son of the first earl. He was educated 

 at Eton and Oxford, and entered parliament in 

 1836 as memlier for Morpeth, exchanging that seat 

 for Lichfield in 1840. His long and intimate 

 acquaintance with foreign politics began at this 

 time, and he filled for a brief period the post of 

 Undersecretary for Foreign Affairs. He was a 

 consistent Liberal and a free-trader. He succeeded 

 to the peerage in 1846, and five years later entered 

 the cabinet of Lord John Russell, holding the seals 

 of the Foreign Office. From that time forward lie 

 held office in every Liberal ministry. He became 

 President of the Council in 1853, and leader of the 

 House of Lords in 1855. He laboured arduously in 

 connection with the great exhibitions of 1851 and 

 1862. Lord Granville was charged to form a 

 ministry in 1859 ; but having failed to do so, he 

 joined Lord Palmerston's second administration. He 

 retired with Earl Russell in 1866, having the pre- 

 ceding year been made Lord Warden of the Cinque 

 Ports. In December 1868 he was appointed Colonial 

 Secretary in Mr Gladstone's first ministry, and on 

 the death of Lord Clarendon in 1870 became 

 Secretary for Foreign Affairs. He arranged the 

 treaty between England, France, and Prussia 



guaranteeing the independence of Belgium ; and 

 confirmed with Prince GortechakofF the agreement 

 that Afghanistan should form an intermediary 

 zone between England and Russia. His lordship 

 went out of office in 1874, took the temporary 

 leadership of the Liberal party on Mr Gladstone H 

 retirement in 1875, and for six years led the 

 opposition in the House of Lords with ability and 

 spirit. In 1880 he again became Foreign Secretary 

 under Mr Gladstone, and displayed considerable 

 diplomatic skill in matters relating to the Berlin 

 Treaty, the occupation of Tunis, and the revolt of 

 Arabi Pasha in Egypt. He issued a circular note 

 to the powers on Egyptian reforms, and in 1884 

 convened a conference on Egyptian finance, which 

 proved abortive owing to the hostile attitude of 

 France. Troubles in the Soudan, difficulties with 

 Germany in consequence of Prince Bismarck's 

 colonial schemes, differences with France, and the 

 threatened rupture with Russia over the demarca- 

 tion of the Afghan boundary caused Lord Granville 

 much solicitude during the closing years of Mr 

 Gladstone's second administration. He retired 

 with his chief in 1885, but returned once more to 

 office as Colonial Secretary in 1886, resigning again 

 with his colleagues in August of the latter year. 

 A steady supporter of Mr. Gladstone's Home-rule 

 policy, he died 31st March 1891. 



Grape. See VINE. 



Grape-hyacinth (Muscdri), a genus of bulb- 

 ous-rooted plants, of the natural order Liliaceae, 

 nearly allied to the hyacinths, but differing in the 

 globose or subcylindrical perianth, contracted at 

 the mouth, and 6-toothed. The species are natives 

 chiefly of the countries near the Mediterranean, 

 and the warmer temperate parts of Asia. Most 

 of them are now frequent in our flower-borders. 

 M. moschatum has a smell of musk. M. racemostim, 

 popularly named Starch Hyacinth, is a somewhat 

 doubtful native of the south-eastern counties 

 having, it is l>elieved, escaped from gardens of 

 England. The flowers of the grape-hyacinths are 

 mostly normally blue, but there are pure white 

 varieties of some species. 



Grape-shot, called also tier- 

 shot, consists or small iron balls 

 piled round an iron pin, hold- 

 ing together a series of parallel 

 iron plates of the same diameter 

 as the gun from which they are 

 to be fired, between which are 

 the shot, kept in their places 

 by holes in the plates. . On oeing 

 discharged they spread over a wide 

 area. In another pattern called 

 quilted grape the shot are held to- 

 gether on the central pin by can- 

 vas instead of iron plates. Both 

 have now almost ceased to be used, their place 

 being taken by case-shot, sometimes called canister. 



Grape-sugar. See SUGAR. 



Graphic Ulethods. Under Composition and 

 Resolution of Forces it has been noticed that the 

 point of application, the direction, and the intensity 

 of any force may be represented by the encf, 

 direction, and length of a straight line. Similarly, 

 any other physical quantity, such as temperature, 

 atmospheric pressure, or barometric height, electric 

 potential, &c., may be represented by straight 

 lines. Such modes of showing the value of a 

 quantity are called graphic methods; they are 

 largely employed in physical investigations as aids 

 to calculation, and for the purpose of exhibiting 

 the nature of the law according to which some 

 phenomena vary. The principal use of this method 

 is to show the mutual variations of two quantities. 

 This we will illustrate by a particular example. 



Grape-shot 



