380 



GREAT BRITAIN 



The growth of the principal manufactures is 

 shown as follows value in million pounds sterling : 



78 94 95 



38 55 46 



17 28 21 



18 16 7 

 17 22 26 



1830. 18BO. 1860. 1870. 1881. 



Cottons ................ 31 43 



Woollens .............. 23 29 



Linen, &c .............. 9 17 



Silks .................. 8 10 



Sundries ............... 7 10 



Textiles ........... 78 109 168 215 195 



Hardware ............ 81 42 65 82 127 



Textiles and Hard ware.. 109 151 233 297 322 



The preceding tables were prepared by Mr Mul- 

 hall from the materials of his Dictionary of 

 Statistics (enlarged edition, 1891). 



One rather unsatisfactory aspect of British manu- 

 facture in recent years has been the extent to which 

 German goods have superseded, both in the United 

 Kingdom and abroad, those of British make. The 

 facts are thus summed up in E. G. Williams's 

 Made in Germany (1896). While in twenty-three 

 years our population has increased by over 7,000,000, 

 the declared value of our exports has fallen by over 

 30,000,000 a year. In 1883-93, while British ex- 

 ports were declining, the value of German manu- 

 factured goods imported into this country increased 

 by 5,000,000 a year. In the same years, 1883-93, 

 our imports of manufactured goods increased by 

 30,000,000, while the total value of our exports 

 declined by 22,000,000. In iron and steel and in 

 textiles, German goods are superseding British 

 goods in the United States, some British colonies, 

 and many markets where British commerce was 

 formerly supreme. 



POPULATION. The following table shows the 

 population of the United Kingdom at various 

 dates since the first census that of 1801, in which 

 Wales is given along with England. The counties, 

 with their areas (in acres) and populations, are 

 given for each of the main divisions of the empire 

 under ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, IRELAND, and under 

 their own heads. 



1841. 



1891. 



England 50,823 



Wales 7,363 



Scotland 29,820 



Ireland 32,531 



Isle of Man 220 



Channel Islands 75 



Army, Navy, &c 



Total, Unit. Kingd .. 120,832 



8,892,536 15,002,443 27,483,490 



1,608,420 

 5,395,496 



911,705 

 2,620,184 

 8,196,597 

 47,975 

 76,065 

 202,954 



1,519,035 

 4,025,627 

 4,704,750 

 55,608 

 92,234 

 224,211 



27,057,923 38,104,175 



At the census of 1881 the population was 35,241,482; 

 in 1895 it was calculated at 39,134, 166. In 1890-91 

 (not to mention those in the colonies, &c. ) there 

 were 3,122,911 natives of the United Kingdom in 

 the United States, 39,687 in France, and 15,534 in 

 Germany. In 1891 there were in England and 

 Wales 282,271 natives of Scotland (253,528 in 1881 ), 

 458,315 natives of Ireland (562,374 in 1881), and 

 198,113 natives of foreign states, 50,599 (as against 

 37,301 in 1881) being Germans, 20,797 (as against 

 14,596) French, and 19,740 (as against 17,767) 

 American citizens. 



COLONIES. The British colonial empire com- 

 prises some fifty distinct governments, and, in- 



cluding India, extends over nearly 10 millions of 

 square miles more than eighty times the area of 

 the mother-country, or one-sixth of the habitable 

 land-surface of the globe. The colonies and depen- 

 dencies have a population of near 250^ millions 

 as compared with the 40 millions in the mother- 

 country. Of this, nearly 10,000,000 square miles 

 belong to the nine self-governing colonies, with a 

 population of over 10,000,000. 



The following table shows the area and popula- 

 tion of the colonies and dependencies of the empire. 

 The populations are given according to the census 

 of 1891 or later official estimates : 



India (British) ....................... 868,314 221,172,952 



Straits Settlements ................... 1,472 512,342 



Ceylon ................................ 25,365 8,008,466 



Mauritius ............................. 713 371,655 



Labuan and British Borneo ........... 30,000 175,853 



Hong-kong ............................ 30'5 221,441 



Australia ............................. 2,944,628 2,051,003 



Tasmania ............................. 26,215 146,667 



New Zealand ......................... 104,458 626,658 



Fiji ................................... 7,740 121,180 



Falkland Isles ........................ 6,500 1,789 



Natal ................................. 18,750 543,913 



Cape of Good Hope ................... 213,917 1,527,224 



St Helena ............................ 47 4,116 



................... 1,069 100,000 



................... 29,401 1,473,882 



................... 3,000 180,000 



................... 69 14,266 



Canada ............................... 3,406,542 4,891,264 



Newfoundland ........................ 42,000 202,040 



Bermuda ............................. 19 15,519 



Honduras ............................. 6,400 31,371 



Bahamas ............................. 4,466 47,565 



Turk's Island ......................... 169 4,745 



Jamaica .............................. 4,193 639,491 



Windward Islands ...... ' .............. 784 140,777 



Leeward Islands ...................... 665 127,723 



Trinidad .............................. 1,754 238,638 



British Guiana ........................ 109,000 278,295 



Gibraltar., ........................... Ij 26,050 



Malta ................................ 119 168,105 



British New Guinea ................... 90,000 350,000 



Gold Coast.. 

 Sierra Leone. 

 Gambia. . 



The above figures do not include the feud- 

 atory states of India (595,167 miles; pop. (1891) 

 66,050,479), the Maori population of New Zealand 

 (41,993), or the aborigines of South Australia. 



Innumerable other subjects bearing on the re- 

 sources, history, administration, &c. of the United 

 Kingdom will be found under such heads as : 



Agriculture. 



Army. 



Banking. 



Bridge. 



Canal. 



Chancery. 



Coal. 



Colony. 



Common Law. 



Cotton. 



County. 



Criminal Law. 



Dialect. 



Dock. 



Education. 



Emigration. 



England. 



England, Church of. 

 English Language, 

 ii Literature. 

 Equity. 

 Fisheries. 

 Friendly Societies. 

 Gaelic Lang, and Lit. 

 Harbour. 

 Immigration. 

 Ireland. 

 Iron. 

 Land. 



Lighthouse. 

 Local Government. 

 National Debt. 

 Navy. 

 Ordnance Survey. 



Parish. 



Parliament. 



Police. 



Poor Laws. 



Post-office. 



Railways. 



Religion. 



Savings-banks. 



Scotland. 



Shipbuilding. 



Tax. 



Telegraph. 



Trade Unions. 



Universities. 



Volunteers. 



Wales. 



Wool. 



For the arms of Great Britain and Ireland, see FLAG, 

 HERALDUY. The history is dealt with under ENGLAND, 

 SCOTLAND, IRELAND, and WALES. See the works there 

 cited ; also : 



Allen, national wealth, 1840. 

 Anderson, history of com. , 1764. 

 Anderson, machinery, 1873. 

 Bailly, finances, 1837. 

 Baines, cotton industry, 1835. 

 Baxter, wealth & taxation, 1869. 

 Beeke, national wealth, 1800. 

 Bertram, fisheries, 1882. 

 Bevans, manufactures, 1880. 

 Brabrook, friend. societies, 1875. 

 Bryson, medical statistics, 1853. 

 Bullion Report, 1810. 

 Burdett, medical statist., 1881. 

 Cird, agriculture, 1852-68. 



Campbell, nat. resources, 1774. 

 Capper, agriculture, &c., 1801. 

 Carlisle.survey of U.King., 1813. 

 Chad wick, sanitary, 184 1 -80. 

 Child, woollen industry, 1693. 

 Cobden Club essays, 1876. 

 Colquhoun, natl. wealth, 1806. 

 Comber, .. 1822. 



Cooke, British products, 1828. 

 Craik, hist, of commerce, 1844. 

 Danson, insurance, 1873. 

 Davenant, natl. wealth, 1701. 

 Doubleday, financial hist., 1847. 

 Eden, history of labour, 1797. 



