(JKKKN 



GREENBACKS 



403 



It was the first complete history of Kngland from the 

 I Hide, iiml showed at once nianclloiis grasp of 

 tin- real significance of great historic movement--, 

 cnse uf historical perspective and proportion, 

 nil. I -tartling dramatic force in the realisation of 

 men iiml nii'i i\ i-~ . while its -IN ! NN.M- fluent and 

 unl'iirccd, yet ever vigorous and effective. His 

 intimate topographical and antiquarian 

 knowledge oi Kngland added life and truth to the 

 ,ii\etoa degree hitherto unexampled among 

 -h historians. The work attained an unpar- 

 alleled MICCCSS, as many as 150,000 copies having 

 been sold s\ it hin fifteen years. He issued also a 

 r nnd independent edition of the work as A 

 r;i <>f tl,,- r'.iiijlixh I'fofilf. (4 vols. 1877-80); 

 Si rnii SI lulu's front England <uul Italy ( 1876), the 

 fruit of liis winters in Capri ; and a Short <>'<- 

 <irii/>/ii/ i if tin- British Islands (1879), written in 

 conjunction with his wife, and lightened up by his 

 genius for topography. In 1879 he received the 

 of LL.D. from tlie university of Edinburgh. 

 He ln'ought out in 1880 a selection of essays of 

 Addison, N\itli an introduction. He also prepared 

 tor M:icmillan's educational series a selection of 

 readings from Knglish history, in three parts, and 

 was general editor of their well-known series of 

 historical and literary primers. In 1881 his feeble 

 health finally gave way, yet he continued to the 

 last his heroic struggle against hopeless disease, 

 nublishing in 1882 nis Making of England, and 

 iea\ ing The Com/nest of England to be edited by 

 the nious care of his widow. His last two books 

 an- fragments of a projected history of England. 

 He died at Mentone, France, 7th March 1883. See 

 the admiral ile memoir prefixed to the 1888 edition 

 of the Short History, by his wife Alice Stopford 

 (ln)rn 1849), who with Miss Norgate issued a richly 

 illustrated edition of the Short History (1892-93). 

 Mr> (Jreen is the author of Henry II. (1888) and of 

 Town Life in the 15th Century ( 1894). 



Green, MARY ANNE EVERETT, nee Wood, was 

 lM>ru in 181 8 at Sheffield. She received an excellent 

 education, and her culture was promoted by James 

 Montgomery, the 'Bard of Sheffield.' In 1841 she 

 removed N\ ith her parents to London, where in 1845 

 she married Mr G. P. Green, artist. Having free 

 access to libraries and MS. collections, she edited 

 '.v of Royal and Illustrious Ladies (1846); 

 Tin Itiiiri/ of John Row (Camden Soc. 1856); 

 Letter* qf Queen lli-m-it-tln Murin (1857). By ap- 

 pointment of the Master of the Rolls she calendared 

 tin- papers of the reign of James I. (1857-59), and 

 thoMj of Charles II. ( 1860-68). She next completed 

 the calendar of the state papers of Queen Elizabeth, 

 with addenda from Edward VI. to James I. (6 vols. 

 1869-74), and edited the papers of the Common- 

 wealth (VI vols. 1875-88), besides contributing to 

 periodical literature. She died 1st November 

 1895. 



Green, THOMAS HILL, philosopher, was born 

 at Birkin in the West Hiding of Yorkshire, where 

 liis father was rector, April 7, 1836. At fourteen 

 lie was sent to Rugby, then under Goulhurn's 

 mastership, and in October 1855 he entered Balliol 

 College. Oxford, where he was profoundly in- 

 fluenced by Jowett, Conington, and C. Parker. 

 In ls.-><i he took a first-class in the school of littene 

 kumamoret, later a third in law and modern hi> 

 tory. and in November 1860 was elected to a fellow- 

 ship in his college, and re-elected in 1872, becoming 

 aUo it- first lay tutor in 1S<><>. He married a sister 

 of John Addington Symonds in 1871, was appointed 

 in 1877 to be Whyte's professor of Moral Philo- 

 sophy, and diet! after an illness of but eleven 

 lays, March 26, 1882. By his will he left 1000 

 to the university for a prize essay in the depart- 

 ment of moral philosophy, 1000 to found a scholar- 



ship at th* Oxford High School for bovn, and 3500 

 to Balliol College for the promotion of higher edn 

 cation in large towns. Green's singularly noble. 

 character, contagious enthusiasm, ami rare union 

 at once of profundity and subtlety in philosophical 

 speculation with strong interest in practical life 

 ami in social questions, drew around dim a -<-ln.o| 

 of disciples that included inanv of the ln-t men of 

 his time at Oxford. "Hi* philosophy grew out of 

 Hegelianism, but was strikingly original and vital 

 in its form, no less than in its applications to the 

 duties of everyday life. Thus, popular education 

 and the spread of temperance were two object* 

 that lay near his heart, and he gave himself with 

 earnestness to the business of the School- Enquiry 

 Commission of 1864-66, and of the Oxford School- 

 board (1874), and helped to force on the Bril>ery 

 Commission at Oxford to purge the political con- 

 science of its citizens; because the natural conclu- 

 sion of his philosophy was towards an association 

 of individuals as homogeneous co-factors in the 

 '. eternal spirit; the supreme and comprehensive rule 

 of life being the law of love which binds men at 

 once to human society and to God, society itself 

 the necessary condition for the development of 

 personality, and religion but the highest form of 

 citizenship. He had written but little before he 

 contributed in 1874 his masterly introduction to 

 the Clarendon Press edition of Hume's Treatise 

 on Human Nature. His Prolegomena to Ethics, 

 left incomplete at his death, was edited by A. C. 

 Bradley (1883), and two unusually pregnant 'lay- 

 sermons' by Arnold Toynbee in the same year. 

 His scattered essays in Mind and elsewhere were 

 collected and published as the Work's, by R. L. 

 Nettleship (3 vols. 1885-88; 2 vols. philosophical; 

 3d, miscellanies and a memoir). His lectures on 

 The Principles of Political Obliqation appeared 

 in 1895. See Fairbrother, The Philosophy of T. H. 

 Green (1 896). 



Greenbacks. During the civil war in 

 America, from 1861 to 1865, the immense expendi- 

 ture of the United States government led to the 

 printing of an unprecedented number of bank- 

 notes, bonds, and currency papers of various kinds. 

 These documents, from the colour presented by 

 them, or some of them, obtained the name of 

 greenbacks, a designation which came to be loosely 

 used for all United States bank-notes. The first 

 'demand notes' were issued in August 1861 ; the 

 first greenbacks proper were of date March 10, 

 1862. Soon forged notes and bonds were in cir- 

 culation ; but by degrees a large establishment 

 was organised at Washington, under the imme- 

 diate control of the Secretary to the Treasury, and 

 the precautions used were such as almost com- 

 pletely to baffle forgers. The paper currency, 

 whose value had fluctuated greatly, was declared 

 convertible into coin on 1st January 1879, and specie 

 payments completely resumed. For the manufac- 

 ture of the notes from first to last, see BANK- 

 NOTES. 



The great inflation of the currency during the 

 war, along with the heavy demand for all sorts of 

 farm-produce, brought a period of prosperity to 

 the western farmers, which ended with the war 

 itself. In 1867-68 the ' Ohio idea,' as the demand 

 for an irredeemable paper currency was called, 

 found much favour witn the Democrats, esjHH-iallv 

 in the West; and in 1874 an independent Green- 

 back party held a convention at Indianapolis and 

 formulated its demands. In 1876 the party nomin- 

 ated Peter Cooper (q.v.) for the presidency; he 

 received -97 per cent, of the popular vote. In 1880 

 the Greenback candidate was James B. Weaver, 

 who polled 3 '33 per cent. ; and in 1884 General 

 B. F. Butler was put forward, and received 1'33 per 

 cent, of the popular vote. None of the candidates 



