GREEN MOUNTAINS 



GREEN PIGMENTS 



407 



diiaii 



Mountains, i portion of the Appala 



-''. S' 1 '- AITAI. vein \\>. 



4reenork. .-Hi important seaport or Renfrew 



>lmc, tlic .M-xenth largest town in Scotland, on tlie 



southern shore of the Fiith of Clyde, 3tf miles by 



<i lleleiisliurgh, ami 22J by rail \V.N\V. lit 



_;o\\. Kor more than four mile* it Htretches 



along tin- lex e| strip ol ancient sea margin, or 



clinihs up i hi- slopes of the hills, which rise rapidly 



In-hind it to a height of S13 feet, and which com- 



mand splendid \ iews of till' opposite coaM > of Argyll 



and Dumbarton shires, fringea \vitli white gleaming 

 villages, of Highland mountains, and of the lirth 

 it -elf, stretching away into narrow sea-lochs, and 

 dotted with every variety of craft. Greenock has 

 filiation of being always wet, and the yearly 

 i.iintall does exceed 60 inches ; but as the prevalent 

 winds are from the south and west, they are gener- 

 ally mild. The west end of the town, with its 

 elegant and commodious villas of every style of 

 architecture, its l>eautiful esplanade 1A mile long, 

 it- \\ide and \\ell paved streets, planted with trees, 

 i- particularly attractive. The public buildings are 

 many of them very handsome. The chief among 

 these j* the town hall and municipal buildings 

 (1886), Renaissance in style, with a tower 245 

 feet high ; then come the county buildings (1867), 

 the custom-house ( 1818), the poorhouse and lunatic 

 asylum (1876), Wood's Mariners' Asylum (1851), 

 the temperance institute (1870), the Y.M.C.A. 

 Institute ( 1887 ), and the Watt Institution (1837), 

 containing a marble statue of Watt by Chantrey. 

 There are several handsome churches. To Sir 

 Michael Shaw-Stewart the town is largely in- 

 debted for the Well Park (1851), the Welling- 

 ton Park (187-2), and the Lyle Road (1880). The 

 new cemetery, 90 acres in extent, with its Watt 

 cairn, and the magnificent water- works (1827-83) 

 also deserve mention. The harbour-works date 

 from 1707, and have cost upwards of 1 million 

 pounds. Accessible at all states of the tide, they 

 include Victoria Harbour (1850), the Albert Har- 

 JM.ur (1866), and the James Watt Dock (1886). 

 The tonnage of vessels belonging to Greenock rose 

 from 21),<).->4 in 1825 to 103,919 in 1867, and 229,912 

 in 1888 (besides 306 fishing-boats); whilst the 

 tonnage of vessels entering the port ranges be- 

 tween 1 and 1^ million per annum. Shipbuild- 

 ing has l>een carried on since 1760; and during 

 the twelve years 1876-87, the tonnage of vessels 

 built here (mostly iron or steel steamers) varied 

 from 14,500 in 1877 to 52,744 in 1882. Sugar- 

 refining, commenced in 1765, in spite of bad recent 

 years has still its chief seat at Greenock ; and there 

 are also manufactures of steam-engines, anchors 

 and chain-cables, ropes, sailcloth, paper, wool and 

 worsted, &c. Since 1832 Greenock has returned a 

 ember to parliament. Pop. (1696) 1328: (1801) 

 17,190 ; ( 1H.1I ) :w.iH9 ; ( 1881 ) 66,704 ; ( 1891 ) 63,423. 

 Created a burgh of barony in 1635, Greenock owes 

 its growth from a mere fishing-village to the Shaw 

 family and to the Treaty of Union ( 1707 ), by which 

 free commerce was opened up with America and 

 the \\est Indies. H.-sides being the birthplace of 

 \\:i\\, of Spence the mathematician, and of Prin- 

 cipal Caird, it has memories of Rob Roy, John 

 n ilson, and Gait, and contains the grave of Burns's 

 Highland Mary.' See Provost Dugald Camptell's 

 Historical SketekM f the Town and Harbours of 

 <'>',,/. (-2 vols. 1879-81). 



Greenoilffll, HORATIO, an American sculptor, 

 orn in Boston, 6th September 1805, studied 

 for two years at Harvard, and from 1825 spent the 

 greater part of his life in Italy. His principal 

 work, and one remarkable Ixith for accuracy and for 

 lofty conception, is the colossal statue of Washing- 

 ton, which noiv stands in front of the national 



capitol building. Other important sculpture* are 

 his ' Medora,' ' venu* Victrix,' and a group of four 

 figures, 'The Rescue,' for the pui|M>.se of placing 

 whi.-h In- returned to America in 1K5I. lie died 

 suddenly at Somcrville, Massachusetts, l*th 

 1 )(-,. mlx-r 18.12. 



Green Pigment*. Them; are numerous and 

 some are very important. Several of them are 

 mechanical mixtures of blue and yellow ; a larger 

 iiniiii.ei are chemical compound- which are natur- 

 ally green ; but of either kind only a few are 

 extensively used. All th<we which are serviceable 

 or have any special interest are noticed in what 

 follows. 



Sup green is the only one of vegetable origin that 

 need be mentioned. It is prepared from the gummy 

 juice of the teiries of a species of buckthorn 

 (I:limmi8 catharticus), and is a fine transparent 

 yellowish -green. It is unfortunately fugitive, 

 but is occasionally employed in water-colour 

 painting. 



7'rrra verte is a kind of ochre. This pigment is 

 much used by artists for painting in oil, being one 

 of the most permanent greens. It has not much 

 body, but can be mixed with other colours without 

 injurious results. 



Oxide of chromium, like the last, is found native, 

 but for use as a colour it is always artificially pre- 

 pared. It is a sober, permanent "green much 'lined 

 by some landscape-painters. Viriaian and Veronese 

 green are also oxides of chromium, but the latter is 

 often adulterated with ai-senic. 



Emerald green (cupric aceto-arsenite). This 

 very bright (but poisonous) green, also called 

 Schweinfurt green and Paris green, is employed to 

 a limited extent by artists and decorators, 'and is 

 used as an insecticide. 



Scheele's green (cupric areenite) is another bright 

 green, although not so vivid in colour as the last, 

 which it resembles in stability and in other pro- 

 perties. This is a dangerous pigment, and is unfor- 

 tunately a good deal employed Tor colouring paper- 

 hangings, artificial leaves, and toys. 



Brunswick Green. Several distinct pigments are 

 known by this name. One of the kinds employed 

 by the house-painter is a basic carbonate of copper, 

 mixed with gypsum or other bodies. It is fairly 

 permanent. Mountain green, mineral green, and 

 malachite green are also carbonates of copper. In 

 chemical books Brunswick green is usually said 

 to l>e the oxychloride of copper. Chrome green, 

 noticed below, is likewise called Brunswick green. 



llinmaris green, known also as zinc green and 

 cobalt green, consists of 88 per cent of oxide of 

 zinc and 12 per cent, of protoxide of cobalt. This 

 colour is permanent, and is not affected by strong 

 heat. 



Chrome green is a mixture of chromate of lead 

 and Prussian blue. It is a bright, strong colour, 

 and is suitable for ordinary mechanical painting. 

 It is, however, not permanent ; a more durable 

 green, but one of less power, being formed with 

 French ultramarine and chrome yellow. 



Hooker's green is a mixture of PrusMan blue and 

 gamboge, and possesses some permanence as a 

 water-colour. Prussian green is formed in the 

 same way, but contains more blue. 



Greens which are compounds of copper are all 

 more or less poisonous even when they do not 

 also contain arsenic. 



Artists generally prefer to make up the shade of 

 jreen they require by mixing blue and yellow pig- 

 nents for bright shades, and blue and brown colours 

 ; or dull shades. As a rule the green portions of 

 pictures have stood the effects of time worse than 

 other colours. 



For the materials used in dyeing textile fabrics 

 jreen, see DYKING and CALICO-PRINTING; and for 



