410 



GREG 



GRtiGOIRE 



resort of Londoners on Sundays and holidays. 

 The Whitebait (q.v.) Dinner, a banquet held by 

 the cabinet-ministers to celebrate tne termina- 

 tion of a parliamentary session, is held at Green- 

 wich, which is famous for the fish from which the 

 dinner is named. Greenwich is well supplied with 

 charitable institutions, chief among which may 

 be mentioned the Jubilee Almshouses, Norfolk or 

 Trinity College, Roan's Charity, the Green-coat 

 and Blue-coat Schools. The manufacturing estab- 

 lishments of the town include engineering, tele- 

 graph works, chemical works, &c. It returned two 

 members to parliament clown to 1885, when the 

 new parliamentary boroughs of Deptford and Wool- 

 wich were formed out of its boundaries, and it was 

 restricted to one member. Pop. (1861) 40,002; 

 (1881) 46,580; of parliamentary borough in 1891, 

 78,131. See L'Estrange, The Palace and the Hos- 

 pital: Chronicles of Greenwich (2 vols. 1886). 



Greg, WILLIAM RATHBONE, author of several 

 works in literature and politics, was born in Man- 

 chester in 1809, became a Commissioner of Customs 

 in 1856, and acted as Controller of Her Majesty's 

 Stationery Office from 1864 to 1877, when he 

 resigned. He died November 15, 1881. He was a 

 man of profoundly earnest character, had a con- 

 spicuous power of incisive writing, and was in- 

 terested in many philanthropic measures. In his 

 Rocks Ahead lie took a highly pessimistic view of 

 the future of England, and regarded some present 

 tendencies as pregnant with danger, anticipating 

 with foreboding the political supremacy of the 

 lower classes, the approaching industrial decline of 

 England, and the divorce of the intelligence of the 

 country from its religion. His works include The 

 Creed of Christendom ( 1851 ) ; Essays on Political 

 and Social Science (1854); Literary and Social 

 Judgments (1869); Political Problems (1870); 

 Enigmas of Life ( 1872 ; 18th ed. with memoir by 

 his widow, 1891 ) ; Rocks Ahead, or the Warnings 

 of Cassandra (1874) ; Mistaken Aims (1876) ; Mis- 

 cellaneous Essays (2d series, 1884). 



Gregarillida, or SPOROZOA, a class of parasitic 

 single-celled animals or Protozoa. As adults they 

 are entirely destitute of cilia or other locomotor 

 structures, and emphasise in their history the 

 encysted phase of cell-life. They are found in 

 almost all kinds of animals, inside the cells, or 

 loose in the alimentary canal, body-cavity, and 

 other spaces. The food consists of the diffusible 

 albuminoids of the host, absorbed by the general 

 surface of the ' mouthless ' unit. T^he Gregarine 

 is wholly surrounded by a rind, and sometimes 

 shows fibril-like, probably contractile, structures ; 

 there is a large spherical nucleus, but no contractile 

 vesicle. They vary greatly in size, from minute 

 forms which live within blood corpuscles to others 

 visible to the unaided eye, and measuring some- 

 times -jVth of an inch. A typical life-history is indi- 

 cated in the diagram, the important points being 

 as follows : in early life the Gregarine usually 

 lives inside a cell, whether it keep this habitat 

 or not ; the young forms not unfrequently divide ; 

 Gregarines are fond of associating in couples (or 

 even in trios), but this union does not seem to 

 be usually followed by fusion ; at a certain stage 

 the unit, or sometimes the pair, becomes en- 

 cysted and divides into numerous clothed spores ; 

 each of these, when liberated by the bursting of 

 The cyst, gives origin to a young Gregarine, or 

 usually to several ; these are at first flagellate or 

 arnojboid, or at least more active than the adults, 

 but with nutrition and growth the juvenile activity 

 is soon lost. 



Among the most important Sporozoa are the 

 following : Monocystis, represented by at least two 

 species in the male organs of the earthworm ; 



Gregarina, a type of those with the body divided 

 by a partition, and furnished with a curious, an- 

 terior, proboscis-like appendage, found in the ali- 

 mentary canal of crustaceans and insects e.g. 

 lobster and cockroach ; Klossia, in molluscs, espe- 

 cially cuttle-fish ; Drepanidium, in frog's blood, a 



Life-history of Gregarine : 



a, common adult type, showing rind, nucleus, and protoplasm; 

 b, two individuals within a cyst ; c, the formation of spores, 

 usually several within each little case ; d, the escape of the 

 spore-cases by rupture of cyst; e, an enlarged spore-case, 

 showing two enclosed spores ; / a young individual or spore, 

 escaping from its spore-case ; g, two Gregarines united end to 

 end ; h, an adult, showing attaching anterior portion and the 

 slight partition dividing the cell ; i, two young Gregarines 

 emerging from the cells in which they have spent their early life. 



type of many with a similar habitat in birds and 

 reptiles. Very imperfectly known are the Myxo- 

 sporidia founa in fishes apparently very primi- 

 tive forms and the Sarcosporidia in the muscle- 

 fibres of mammals, of which Sarcocystis ( 'Miescher's 

 vesicles' or ' Rainey's oorpuscles') is common, but 

 apparently 



or if or me is e^ hJLilk P ara " 



si tic in man. 



See CELL, 

 schli, ' Protozoa 



sur les Sporozoaircs ("Paris, 1884 ) ; Leuckart, 

 of Man ( Edin. 1886); Lankester, art. 'Protozoa,' Encycl. 

 Brit. ; Schneider, Tablettes Zoologiques ( 1886, &c. ) ; 

 Hatchett Jackson's ed. of Rolleston's Forms of Animal 

 Life (Oxford, 1888). 



Gregoire, HENRI, the most remarkable among 

 the so-ciilled constitutional bishops of France, was 

 born of poor parents at Veho, near Luneville, 

 December 4, 1750. Educated by Jesuits at Nancy, 

 he took orders, and lectured for some time 

 at the Jesuit College of Pont-a-Mousson. His 

 Essai sur la Regeneration des Juifs ( 1778 ) breathed 

 the toleration that was in the air, and became 

 widely popular. Becoming cur of Embermenil, he 

 was sent to the States-general of 1789 as one of the 

 deputies of the clergy. He was an ardent democrat 

 in all his views, and, attaching himself from the 

 first to the Tiers-etat party, acted a prominent part 

 throughout the grand drama of the Revolution. 

 One of the secretaries of the National Assembly, 

 he supported enthusiastically the abolition of the 

 privileges of the w>bles and clergy alike, and the 

 civil constitution of the clergy. He was the first 

 of his order to take the oaths, and was elected the 

 first ' constitutional bishop ' of the department of 

 Loir-et-Cher, which he accepted, although the old 

 and legitimate bishop, Monseigneur de Themines, 

 was still alive. Gregoire carried into every depart- 

 ment the stern democracy to which he was devoted, 

 and which he identified with the Christian brother- 

 hood of the gospel ; and upon the fundamental 

 doctrine of the Revolution the rights of man he 

 sought to ingraft his own early advocacy of the 

 Jews and of the negroes, and especially the doctrine 

 of the duties of man. At the blasphemous Feast 

 of Reason, the weak Gobel, constitutional Bishop 

 of Paris, publicly renounced Christianity ; but 

 Gregoire faced the infuriated rabble with all the 

 courage of the primitive martyrs, and refused to 

 deny his Master. After the 18th Brumaire he 

 became a member of the Corps Legislatif. His 



