GREGORY 



WM compelled to yield, and by a 



penance, lu \\hidl In- submitted at < 'aliossa (<J.V.) 



111 January 11177, lie .iU;im.-d absolution from the 

 i>ii|>c in pi-ison. Thi> submission, however, was 

 Iml feigned ; ami on lii> subsequent triumph oxer 

 hi- rival, Rudolf of Swahia. llenr\ resumed hostil- 

 iti.-s \\iili tin- pope, ami in 10HO again declared him 

 deposed, ami cau-ed to be appointed in his place 

 tin- antipope (InilMM't, Archbishop of Ravenna, 

 under i ln> name of Clement III. After a pro- 

 1 siege of three years, Henry, in the year 

 Ins I. took possession of Home. Gregory shut 

 himself up in tlie castle of St Angelo. .Just, 

 however, as he was on the point of falling into 

 his enemy's hands, Robert Guiscard, the Norman 

 Duke of Apulia, entered the city, set Gregory 

 ti.-e, ami compelled Henry to return to Germany ; 

 but the wretched condition to which Home was 

 reduced obliged Gregory to withdraw first to 

 Monte Cassino and ultimately to Salerno, where 

 he died. May 25, 1085. His dying words are a 

 deeply affecting but stern and unbending profession 

 f the faith of his whole life, and of the profound 

 convictions under which even his enemies acknow- 

 ledge him to have acted 'I have loved justice 

 and hated iniquity; therefore I die an exile.' 



The character of Gregory VII. and the theory 

 of church-polity which he represents are differ- 

 ently judged by the different religious schools; 

 but his theory is confessed by all, even those who 

 mo-t strongly reprobate it as an excess, to have 

 been grand in its conception and unselfish in its 

 object. ' The theory of Augustine's city of God,' 

 says Milman, ' no doubt swam before his mind, 

 on which a new Rome was to rise and rule the 

 world by religion.' In his conception of the con- 

 stitution of Christian society the spiritual power 

 was the first and highest element. It was to 

 direct, to command the temporal, and, in a certain 

 sense, to compel its oliedience ; but, as the theory 

 is explained by Fenelon, by Gosselin, and other 

 modern Catholics, the arms which it was author- 

 ised to use for the purpose of coercion were the 

 arms of the spirit only. It could compel by 

 penalties, but these penalties were only the cen- 

 sures of the church; and if in certain circumstances 

 temporal forfeitures (as in the case of Henry IV.) 

 were annexed to these censures, this, it is argued, 

 was the result of the civil legislation of the par- 

 ticular country, not of any general ecclesiastical 

 law. Thus, in the case of Henry, the imperial 

 crown was forfeited, according to the Swabian 

 code, by the mere fact of the emperor's remaining 

 for twelve months under excommunication without 

 obtaining al (solution from the sentence. More- 

 over, whatever may l>e said of the power in itself, 

 or of the lengths to which it has at times extended, 

 the occasion and the object of its exercise in the 

 hands of Gregory were always such as to command 

 the sympathy of the philosophical student of the 

 lu>tory of the middle ages. By his firm and un- 

 bending efforts to suppress the unchristian vices 

 which deformed society, and to restrain the tyranny 

 which oppressed the subject as much as it en- 

 slaved the church, he taught his age ' that there 

 was a Wing on earth whose special duty it was to 

 defend the defenceless, to succour the succourless, 

 to afford a refuse to the widow and orphan, and 

 to le the guardian of the poor.' Dean Milman 

 sums up his history of Gregory VII. as of one who 

 is to be contemplated not merely with awe, but in 

 some respects, and with some great drawbacks, as a 

 benefactor of mankind. 



See Milman' 8 Latin Christianity (voL iiL); Giese- 

 brecht, UturhichU der Deuttch. Knixerzrit (vol. Hi.); 

 Bowden, Life of Gre ff ory VII. (1840); Voigt, Hilde- 

 Itiniul /.t r.iftxt ('Jd ed. 1846); Gfrorer, Papst Oregor 

 '//. (7 vok 1859^1); W. U. W. Stephens, hildcbrand 



and hi* Tmirt (1888); and the studies by Sdltl (1847) 

 Villi-main ( 1K7U; Kng. trail*. 187-5). Langeron (1874), MIL! 

 Meltzvr ( lH7ti). Hi whole literary remain* are included 

 within seven book* or HeyiMtrr* of letter*, which have 

 been often printed. 



GKKiioltl XIII., I .<> Hi n.NTOMPAGXO, was 

 born at IJologna, .January 7, l.Vrj. He wan edu- 

 cated in his native city, where he filled the diair 

 of Law for several yearn. Having settled at Home 

 in 1539, he was distinguished by several important 

 employments, and was one of the theologians of 

 the Council of Trent ; on his return thence he was 

 created cardinal in 1565, and sent a legate to 

 Spain. On the death of Pius V. Gregory was 

 elected pope in 1572. Not one among the post- 

 Reformation pontiffs has surpassed Gregory XIII. 

 in zeal for the promotion and improvement of 

 education ; a large proportion of the colleges in 

 Rome were wholly or in part endowed by him ; 

 and his expenditure for educational purj>oses is 

 said to have exceeded 2,000,000 Roman crown.-. 

 The most interesting event of his pontificate, in a 

 scientific point of view, is the correction of the 

 Calendar (q.v. ), which was the result of long 

 consideration, and was finally made public in 1582. 

 Under his care was published also a valuable edition 

 of the Decretum Gratia.ni with learned notes. He 

 was a xealous patron of the Jesuits, and supported 

 the League in France against the Huguenots ; and 

 it was he who ordered a Te Deum in Rome on 

 occasion of the massacre of St Bartholomew, and 

 had a medal struck in honour of the occasion. He 

 strongly supported Philip II. of Spain in his designs 

 against England; and he left the mark of his 

 energy on almost every department of church life 

 and work. He died in 1585, in the eighty-third 

 year of his age. 



Gregory, ST, surnamed ILLUMINATOR (Ar- 

 menian Lwtavoritch, Gr. Photistes), was of the 

 royal Parthian race of the Arsacida*, and son of 

 Anak, murderer of Chosrov I., king of Armenia. 

 For this crime his whole family was slain save 

 himself. He owed his escape to a Christian nurse, 

 who secretly conveyed him, when he was two years 

 old, to Csesarea, in Cappadocia, her native town. 

 He there married a Christian, who bore him two 

 sons, and soon afterwards l>ecame a nun. Gregoiy 

 proceeded to Rome, and entered the service of 

 Terdat, Chosrov's son. After Terdat (Tiridates 

 III. ) had, with the help of the Romans, recovered 

 his father's kingdom ( 286 ), Gregory, for his refusal to 

 crown with garlands the statue of Anahit, tutelary 

 goddess of Armenia, was thrown by Terdat into a 

 deep pit, where a pious widow nourished him for 

 fourteen years. About the end of that time Terdat 

 was visited with the punishment of Nebuchad- 

 nexxar. Healed and baptised by Gregory, he be- 

 came a xealous Christian, and established Chris- 

 tianity by force throughout his dominions. Gregoiy 

 was consecrated bishop and head of the Armenian 

 Church by Leontius, Archbishop of Ca'sarea, and 

 erected a great number of churches, monasteries, 

 hospitals, and schools in which the sons of heathen 

 priests were trained for the Christian priesthood, 

 whereby a strongly national stamp was given to 

 the church in Armenia. Having resigned the patri- 

 archate in favour of his second son Aristaces, 

 Gregory in 331 retired to a cave at the foot of Mount 

 Sebnh in Upper Armenia, where he died in a few 

 years. The patriarchate was held for many years 

 by his descendants. 



The sources for the history of Gregory, which is partly 

 legendary, are two early Armenian histories written by 

 Agathangelos and by Simeon Metaphrastes. A French 

 translation of the former by Victor Langlois appears in 

 vol. i. of the Hittorifti* de VArmtnie (1867); the latter 

 ( evidently drawn from the former ) is given in vol. cxv. 

 of Migne's Patrol. G'rac. The former was known to 



