CJKKCJOKY 



415 



beginning "f their return to eternal life.' Hi* in 

 lion in of cimniical significance, and extends 

 in iln- \\hole 'piritual creation, bringing the whole 

 universe into hiiri ..... i.v. ' Not only among men 

 i- lie l>oi n iiiiin, lnit (with absolute oondnenoy) 

 , .pining also into being among angela lie brings him 



insvu to thfir nature' (Discourse on the Axn-n- 



7,//s7). -My this,' ay Harnack, 'the 

 n.it ion is reMolved into a necessary cosmical 

 ->; it liecomes a special case of the oinni- 

 pie-ence of the Deity in liis creation. Alienation 

 Mom (;o<l U .1- much included in the plan of the 

 KOMMHS us is restitution t<i him. Gregory helped 

 to hainl on to later times the pantheistic thought 

 which he never himself conceived clearly and apart 

 from the historical. There is a real kinship l>etween 

 him and the pantheistic Monophysites, the Areo- 

 paiiite, Scot MS Krigena, and even the modern 

 " liberal" theologians of Hegelian dye.' 



works were edited by Fronton du Due (Paris, 

 . reprinted 1638), and more completely in Migne's 



'Klin (series Gneca, vols. xliv.-xlvi.). A beginning 

 was made towards a good critical edition by G. H. Forbes 

 I Muriitisland, 1855) and Fr. Oehler (Halle, 1865). The 

 latter hns published a selection with a German transla- 

 t,..ii 1 4 vols. Leip. 1858-5!)). See J. Rupp's monograph 

 tin t Jr. '..''TV ( 18;54) ; H. Weiss; Die drei yrossen Capp<ido- 

 eier( 187'2 ) ; and Harnack, Doymengeschichte, vol. ii. ( 1888 ). 



Gregory of Tours tne 'father of Prankish 

 history," was born about 540 at Arverna (now Cler- 

 mont ), the chief town of Auvergne, and belonged 

 to due of the most distinguished Roman families of 

 Gaul. Originally called Georgius Florentius, he 

 assumed the. name Gregory out of respect for his 

 mother's grandfather, Gregory, Bishop of Langres. 

 He was educated by his uncle, Gallus, Bishop of 

 ( 'lermont, and after his death by Avitus, a priest of 

 hi> native town. His recover from a severe sick- 



through a pilgrimage to the grave of St 

 Martin of 'lours, led Gregory to devote himself to 

 th" service of the church, and by the choice of the 

 clergy and people and favour of Sigbert, king of 

 A ii>t rasia, to whom Auvergne had fallen on the death 

 of Clothar I. in 561, he became Bishop of Tours in 

 "73. He gave himself zealously to his sacred office 

 and the public good. In the struggles between 

 SiglM-rt and his wife Brunhilda on the one side ! 

 against Chilperic and his wife Fredegond on the 

 other lie took the side of the former, and in the 

 \ i.-i-situdes of a conflict in which Tours frequently 

 changed masters had to sufler many persecutions. 

 After the death of Chilperic, whom' Gregory calls 

 'the Nero and Herod of our time,' he enjoyed 

 great influence over his successors, Guntram and 

 Childebert IL He died 17th November 594. The 

 fame of Gregory rests on his ILixturite sive Annalium 

 f-'rxHcorum libri x., the chief authority for the his- 

 tory of Gaul in the 6th century. It begins with a 

 summary of universal history, but by the end of 

 lxH>k i. reaches the Prankish conquest and the 

 death of St Martin. From this point onwards the 

 narrative is written with much greater fullness, the 

 la-t seven years (585-91) extending to four books. 

 ire-.-i \ hiniM-lf laments his unskilfulness in writing 

 his wrong genders and eases, and misused pre- 

 po-.ii ions. His ten Ixioks are the artless memoranda 

 of a contemporary, l>earing on their face the clear 

 stamp of truth. It is entirely to him that we owe 

 our exact knowledge of the dark and stormy times 

 of the Merovingian kings. 



Besides his Hixtory, he wrote Miraculorum libri vii., a 

 hagioKraphical compilation, including four books on the 

 innumerable miracles of St Martin. A critical edition of 

 his works was published by Kuinart in 1699 (1 vol. folio), 

 and in Migne's collection (vol. Ixxi.). Of the History 

 the best editions are by Guadet and Turanne (1836-38), 

 and that in the Mimitmenta Germanicc Hittorica (1884- 

 85). French translations are by H. I* Bordier (2 vols. 

 1859-61) and that edited by Jacobs (2 vols. 1861) ; there is 



a Gennau truncation by W. Gienebrecht ( 1851 ; 9th 

 ed. 1873). The historical material uupplied by Gregory 

 is reproduced in Thierry's Hrcit dei Tempt Merovinyieiu 

 (I'arm, 1840). A rrt-i.ch trannlation of the Book* of 

 Miracles and letwer writing)! wan published by H. L. Bor- 

 dii-r (4 voUi. 1867 64). See J>.bcll, Ureter ran Tvuri 

 und seine Zeti ( 1839 ; 2d ed. 1869 ) ; G. Monod, I 

 rntuftut sur let tourcet de fHixtoire Menu 1 11-1,1 m,> ( Para, 

 1872) ; and vol. L of Mark Patti*on' Euayt (188!*). 



Cireeory ThaiiinnturKUH ('wonder- 

 worker ), a celebrated discinle of Origen, and the 

 apostle of the Christian church in Pontus. He 

 was l.orii altout 210, of wealthy heathen parents at 

 Neocn>sarea, in Pontus, and was originally named 

 Theodorus. His early education was for the prac- 

 tice of law, but, coining under the influence of 

 Origen at Cjesarea in Palestine, he was his disciple 

 for about eight years, with an interruption caused 

 by the persecution under Maximin tiie Thracian, 

 during which he probably studied at Alexandria. 

 Origen, in a letter to him, expressed the wish that 

 he would 'spoil the Egyptians' by placing the 

 intellectual treasures he gathered from the (ireeks 

 in the holy service of Christian philosophy. After 

 this he produced his Panegyriciis on Origen, and, 

 returning to his native country, was consecrated 

 Bishop of Neoca>sarea by Pha-dimus, Bishop of 

 Amasea. The influence of Gregory in Asia Minor 

 continued from the middle of the 3d century to far 

 down into the 4th, and its extent may l>e inferred 

 from the numerous legends of his miracles, and the 

 tradition that at his death (about 270) there were 

 only as many pagans in Neocesarea as there had 

 been Christians in it at his consecration viz. seven- 

 teen. His celebrated Ekthesis, or Confession of 

 Faith, said to have been derived by revelation from 

 the Virgin Mary and the apostle John, is a sum- 

 mary or the theology of Origen, and was used as 

 the basis of the instruction given to catechumens at 

 Neocjesarea. It is of the greatest value as a record 

 of the state of the theology at the middle of the 3d 

 century. ' There is scarcely a sentence in it,' says 

 Harnack, ' that recalls to us the Bible ; it is a com- 

 pendium of the sublimest speculation, only in the 

 words " Father," "Son," and "Spirit" reminding 

 us of the gospel.' Its genuineness is disputed, but 

 is ably defended by Caspari. Gregory is said to 

 have contended against Sabellianism, yet in his 

 lost Argument with JElian Basil tells us there 

 stood this sentence : ' the Father and the Son are 

 two in idea, but one in essence.' Bnt as Basil also 

 testifies that he spoke of the Son as a ' creature ' 

 and a 'work,' the above sentence is probably no 

 more than an Origenistic assertion of the substan- 

 tial unity of the Deity in opposition to tritheistic 

 views. The genuineness of two other treatises 

 attributed to him, one addressed to Philagrius, on 

 the co-essentialitv of the persons in the Godhead, 

 and the other, a dialogue with Theopompus, on the 

 question whether the Deity is capable or incapable 

 of suffering, is undecided. Gregory's works are 

 printed in vol. iii. of Galland's Bibliotheca Pat- 

 rum, and in Migne's collection, vol. x. His Pane- 

 gyricus ( which contains an autobiography of its 

 writer) is printed among the works of Origen. A 

 special edition was published by J. A. Bengel in 

 1722. 



Bee Ryssel, Greyoriut T/iaumattmntt : sein Leben und 

 seine Schriften (Leip. 1880); and Harnack, Doymcn- 

 yeschichte, vol. i. ( Freibury im Breisgau, 1888). 



Gregory* the name of a Scottish family 

 distinguished, like that of the Bernouillis, in 

 the history of science. JAMES GREGORY was bora 

 at Aberdeen in Novemlwr 1638, and studied at 

 Marischal College there. Before completing his 

 twenty-fourth year he invented the reflecting 

 telescope known by his name, and described it 

 in a work entitled* Ofitira Prumota. In 1665 he 



