416 



GREGORY 



GRENADINES 



went to the university of Padua, where in 1667 

 he produced Vera Oirculi et Hyperbolae Quadra- 

 tura, followed in 1668 by Geometrice Pars Uni- 

 versalis and Exercitationes Geometricce. Shortly 

 after his return home he obtained (1669) the pro- 

 fessorship of Mathematics at St Andrews, a chair 

 which he filled until his removal to a similar one 

 at Edinburgh in 1674. He died in that city in the 

 following year. To him is also attributed a satiri- 

 cal tract, Great and New Art of weighing Vanity 

 (1672). For an account of his works and dis- 

 coveries, see Button's Philosophical and Mathe- 

 matical Dictionary. DAVID GREGORY, nephew of 

 the above, was born at Aberdeen in 1661, and there 

 received the early part of his education, which was 

 completed at Edinburgh. In his twenty-third year 

 he was appointed professor of Mathematics in the 

 university of the latter city. In 1691, through the 

 friendship of Newton and Flamsteed, he obtained 

 the Savilian professorship of Astronomy at Oxford. 

 He died at Maidenhead in 1708. Among his 

 works may be mentioned Exercitatio Geometrica 

 de Dimensione Figurarum (1684); Catoptricce et 

 DioptrictK Sphcericce Elementa (1695) ; Astrorwmicp, 

 Physicce et Geometr/cce Elementa (1702), an illus- 

 tration and defence of Newton's system ; 'and an 

 edition of Euclid in Greek and Latin (1703). He 

 also wrote a treatise on Practical Geometry (1745) 

 and many memoirs in the Phil. Trans., vols. xviii.- 

 xxv. JOHN GREGORY, grandson of James, was 

 born at Aberdeen, 3d June 1724, where he received 

 his early education ; afterwards he studied medi- 

 cine at Edinburgh and Ley den. After filling the 

 chair of Medicine at Aberdeen from 1755, he 

 was appointed in 1766 professor of the Practice of 

 Medicine in Edinburgh, where he died, 9th Febru- 

 ary 1773. Among his works are Elements of the 

 Practice of Physic ( 1 772 ) and A Comparative 

 View of the State and Faculties of Man with those 

 of the Animal World ( 1765). In 1788 his works 

 were collected in four vols. by Tytler (Lord Wood- 

 houselee), who prefaced them by a life of the 

 author. His son, JAMES GREGORY, born at Aber- 

 deen in 1753, became in 1776 professor of the 

 Practice of Medicine at Edinburgh, and eventually 

 a leading man in his profession. He died 2d 

 April 1821. He was the author of Conspectus 

 Medicinal Theoretical and of two vols. of Philo- 

 sophical and Literary Essays ( 1792). This James's 

 son, WILLIAM GREGORY, born 25th December 

 1803, professor of Chemistry at Glasgow (1837), 

 in King's College, Aberdeen (1839), and at Edin- 

 burgh University (1844), is noticeable for his advo- 

 cacy of Liebig's views in Great Britain. He died 

 24tli April 1858. He wrote Outlines of Chemistry 

 (1845), and translated (1855) Liebig's Principles 

 of Agricultural Chemistry. The stomachic and 

 aperient known as Gregory's mixture was com- 

 pounded by Dr James Gregory, and consists of 

 rhubarb, magnesia, and ginger. 



Gregory, OLINTHUS, mathematician and mis- 

 cellaneous writer, was born at Yaxley, Hunting- 

 don, 29th January 1774, and became a newspaper 

 editor and then a teacher of mathematics succes- 

 sively at Cambridge and Woolwich. At Woolwich 

 he died 2d February 1841. He wrote several works 

 on mathematics, superintended almanacs, edited 

 gentlemen's diaries, and published lives of Robert 

 Hall and Mason Good. 



Greifenberg, a town of Prussia, in the pro- 

 vince of Pomerania, dating from 1262, is situated 

 55 miles by rail NE. of Stettin. Pop. 5636. 



Greifenhagen, an agricultural town of 

 Prussia, on the Oder, 13 miles by rail SSW. of 

 Stettin. Pop. 6603. 



Greifswald, a town of Prussia, in the province 

 of Pomerania, is situated 2 miles from the mouth 



of the Ryck and 25 miles by rail SE. of Stralsund. 

 The university ( founded in 1456 ) has 83 professors 

 and 750 students, of whom one-half are medicals. 

 The university is well equipped with medical 

 museums, laboratories, &c. ; the library contains 

 about 135,000 volumes. There is a consider- 

 able shipping trade. The chief industries in- 

 clude the making of machinery, chains, and rail- 

 way wagons, the curing of herrings, and iron- 

 founding. Pop. (1875) 18,016; (1890) 21,624. 

 Shortly after being made a town (1250) Greifswald 

 joined the Hanseatic League. At the peace of 

 Westphalia (1648) it carne into the possession of 

 Sweden ; but, together with the whole of Swedish 

 Pomerania, was ceded to Prussia in 1815. See 

 Pyl's Geschichte Greifswalds (1879). 



Greisen, a rock composed essentially of quartz 

 and mica, but which almost invariably contains 

 topaz. It is met with in regions where tin ores 

 abound, and is believed to be a granite which 

 has been metamorphosed in connection with ex- 

 halations of fluoric acid. 



Greiz, capital of the German principality of 

 Reuss-Greiz, and seat of the sovereign prince, 

 is situated on the White Elster, 47 miles SSW. of 

 Leipzig. It contains three castles and a 13th-cen- 

 tury church, and manufactures cotton and woollen 

 goods, also cashmere and shawls, and possesses dye- 

 works and linen-printing establishments. Pop. 

 (1875) 12,657; (1890) 20,141. The town was 

 severely ravaged by fire in 1494, and again in 1802. 



Grenada, an island of volcanic origin in the 

 British West Indies, lying N. by W. from Trinidad, 

 mountainous and picturesque, with an area of 133 

 sq. m. Some of the craters in the central ridge of 

 mountains, rising to 3000 feet, have been trans- 

 formed into large lakes. Streams and mineral 

 springs abound. There are several good natural 

 harbours, that of St George (pop. 4000), the capital 

 of the island and the headquarters of the govern- 

 ment of the Windward Islands, being accounted 

 one of the best in the West Indies, though it is not 

 now much used. The inhabitants, 42,403 in 1881, 

 and 56,413 in 1893, who are almost all negroes, 

 cultivate cocoa, coffee, and oranges. Further, a 

 little rum is manufactured, and spices and fruits 

 are grown. Exports, '280,000 a year ; imports, 

 170,000. Grenada has been a crown-colony since 

 1885 ; previous to that date it had a constitu- 

 tional government. Columbus was the discoverer 

 of the island in 1498. In the words of Mr Froude, 

 Grenada was ' the home for centuries of man-eating 

 Caribs, French for a century and a half, and 

 finally, after many desperate struggles for it, was 

 ceded to England at the treaty of Versailles' 

 (1783). 



Grenade, a small shell exploded by a time-fuse, 

 about 3 inches in diameter, of iron or annealed 

 glass, filled with powder, and thrown from the 

 hand. They are chiefly used against the dense 

 masses of troops assembled in the ditch of a fortress 

 during an assault, and then are often rolled over 

 the parapet through wooden troughs instead of 

 being thrown by hand. 



Grenadier, originally a soldier who was em- 

 ployed in throwing hand-grenades, and then a 

 member of the first company of every battalion of 

 foot, in which the tallest and finest men were 

 placed. This company used to be distinguished by 

 tall bearskin caps, and held the place of honour- 

 viz, the right when in line, and the front when in 

 column. In the British army the name is now 

 only used as the title of the first three battalions 

 of the foot-guards. 



Grenadines, a chain of islets in the West 

 Indies, extending between Grenada, on which they 



