424 



GRILLE 



GRIMM 



Odessa. Its 7918 inhabitants cultivate tobacco, 

 wine, and fruit, and manufacture leather. 



Grille, a lattice, or grating, or screen, or open 

 work of metal, sometimes also of wood, generally 

 used to enclose or protect a window, or some 

 shrine, or tornb, or sacred spot. A grille should be 

 all hammered and punched, without filing. The 

 small screen of crossed iron bars inserted in the 

 door of a monastery or prison, for holding con- 

 versation and reconnoitring through, is also called 

 a grille. 



Grillparzer, FRANZ, an Austrian dramatic 

 poet, for some time popularly regarded as. the 

 greatest poet of his nation, was born at Vienna, 

 15th January 1791, and laboured in the imperial 

 civil service from 1813 to 1856. He died 21st 

 January 1872 at Vienna. Grillparzer first attracted 

 notice in 1816 by a ' fate ' tragedy, Die Ahnfrau. 

 His next tragedies, Sappho (1819) and Das goldene 

 Vlies (1821), the latter a trilogy, are beautiful 

 pieces of work, modern in sentiment, classic in 

 style. And the same features, with that of lyric 

 force added, characterise the dramas Des Meeres 

 und der Liebe Wellen (1840) and Der Traum ein 

 Leben ( 1840 ). Besides these he wrote the historical 

 plays Konig Ottokar's Gluck und, Ende (1825) and 

 Ein treuer Diener seines Herrn ( 1830), with others. 

 In lyric poetry he likewise produced a good deal of 

 meritorious work ; and he wrote one good prose 

 novel, Der Spielmann. A collected edition of his 

 works, including an autobiography, was published 

 in 10 vols. at Stuttgart in 1872, and another of 

 16 vols. in 1889. See Lives by Faulhammer ( 1883) 

 and Laube (1884), and works by Volkelt (1889) 

 and A. Farinelli ( 1895}. 



Grilse. See SALMON. 



Grimaldi. See MONACO. 



Grimaldi, JOSEPH, the typical representative 

 of 'the genuine droll, the grimacing, filching, 

 irresistible clown ' of the English pantomime, was 

 born in London on 18th December 1779, the year 

 in which Garrick died. He first appeared on the 

 boards of Drury Lane when one month short of 

 two years old, and in his third year he had his first 

 engagement at Sadler's Wells Theatre, where he 

 regularly performed (except for one season) down 

 to the date of his retirement from the stage, pre- 

 maturely worn out by sheer hard work, in 1828. 

 He used regularly for some months every year to 

 perform nightly at two theatres, and once he 

 achieved the feat of acting at three different 

 theatres on the same night. He died in London, 

 31st May 1837. See Memoirs of Joseph Grimaldi, 

 edited by Charles Dickens (1838). 



Grime's Dyke. See ANTONINUS (WALL OF). 



Grimm, FRIEDRICH MELCHIOR, BARON, a clever 

 German critic, who knew every one worth know- 

 ing at Paris in the later half of the 18th century. 

 He was born at Ratisbon, 25th December 1723, and 

 after completing his studies at Leipzig, and making 

 an egregious failure with a tragedy, accompanied 

 the young Count de Schonberg to Paris, and soon 

 after became reader to the Crown-prince of Saxe- 

 Gotha. He was still in very straitened circiim- 

 stances when he became acquainted with Rousseau 

 in 1749, and was by him introduced to Diderot, 

 Baron Holbach, and Madame d'Epinay. The in- 

 timacy of his relations with this lady cost him later 

 the friendship of the jealous Rousseau. Grimm 

 quickly became a general favourite, and his con- 

 nection with the Encyclopedistes, added to his 

 o\yn multifarious acquirements and versatility of 

 mind, opened up to him a brilliant career. He 

 became secretary to Count Friesen, next to the 

 Duke of Orleans, and now began to write for 

 several German princes those famous literary 

 bulletins which cover about forty years, and con- 



tain the most trenchant criticism of all the most 

 important of current French books. In 1776 he 

 was raised by the Duke of Gotha to the rank of 

 baron, and appointed minister-plenipotentiary at 

 the French court. On the breaking out of the 

 Revolution, he withdrew to Gotha, and afterwards 

 to the court of Catharine II. at St Petersburg 

 whence he was sent in 1795 as minister of Russia 

 to Hamburg. He died at Gotha, 19th December 

 1807. His Correspondance Litteraire, Philosophique 

 et Critique^, extending from 1753 to 1790, was 

 published in three divisions (16 vols. 1812-13); 

 a supplementary volume in 1814. Later editions 

 are those by Taschereau ( 15 vols. 1829-31 ), and 

 Tourneux (16 vols. 1878-82). The Correspondance 

 inedite de Grimm et Diderot was published in 1829. 

 See Sainte-Beuve, Etudes sur Grimm (1854); and 

 Edmond Scherer's Melchior Grimm ( Paris, 1887 ). 



Grimm, JAKOB LUDWIG KARL, the founder of 

 scientific German philology, and one of the noblest 

 of ancient or modern scholars, was -born January 4, 

 1785, at Hanau, in Hesse-Cassel. He studied 

 law at Marburg, and learnt scientilic method from 

 Savigny, at whose invitation he spent the greater 

 part of the year 1805 in study at Paris. On his 

 return he was appointed to a clerkship in the war- 

 office, and in 1808, private librarian to Jerome 

 Bonaparte, king of Westphalia, who also made 

 him auditor to the council of state. His brother 

 Wilhelm had also by this time settled at Cassel. 

 The first fruit of his studies was the treatise Ueber 

 den Altdeutschen Meistergesang (1811), which was 

 followed in 1812 by the first volume of the famous 

 Kinder- und Hatismdrchen, collected by the two 

 brothers a work which has carried their name 

 over the civilised world in the happiest and most 

 enduring kind of immortality, and has formed a 

 foundation for the new science of comparative 

 Folklore (q.v.). Nor has a contribution to stori- 

 ology since been made equal in importance to the 

 earliest. The second volume followed in 1814 ; 

 the third, containing the notes, in 1822. In 1813 

 Grimm was secretary to the ambassador of the 

 Elector "of Hesse, whom he attended at Paris, and 

 at the Congress of Vienna. In 1815 he was sent to 

 Paris to claim the books carried off by the French. 

 His brother Wilhelm had already received a post 

 in the Cassel library, and in 1816 Jakob became 

 second librarian under Volkel, on whose death in 

 1828, the two brothers being disappointed of the 

 first and second places in the library, removed 

 to Gottingen, where Jakob became professor and 

 librarian, and Wilhelm under-librarian. Here for 

 seven years he studied the language, ancient laws, 

 history, and literature of Germany, but never made 

 an effective lecturer. He was one of the famous 

 seven professors who protested in 1837 against the 

 abolition of the constitution by the king of Han- 

 over, for which act he was dismissed, together with 

 his brother, and obliged to retire to Cassel. In 

 1840 they were both invited to Berlin, where they 

 received professorships, and were elected members 

 of the Academy of Sciences. Here Jakob con- 

 tinued his studies with the most single-minded 

 devotion, producing a series of works still unsur- 

 passed for their stupendous erudition. Working 

 up to the last with a devotion undivided by wife or 

 children, he died 20th September 1863. 



His Deutsche Grammatik ( 1819 ; 2d ed. entirely 

 recast, Gb'tt. 1822-40) is perhaps the greatest philo- 

 logical work of the age, and may be said to have 

 laid the foundation of the historical investigation 

 of language. It traces the German language his- 

 torically through all its dialects. His Deutsche 

 Rechts-Alterthumer .( 1828 ; 2d ed. 1854) and 

 Deutsche Mythologie ( 1835 ; 3d ed. 1854 ; 4th ed. 

 by Meyer, 1875-78; Eng. trans, by J. S. Stally- 

 brass, 4 vols. 1879-88) are works of exhaustive 



