CKI.M.M 



GRIMMEL8HAU8EN 



425 



upon the society of the middle agea in 

 cent ml Kurope, and the religious traditions and 

 Mpentitions of the Teutonic races from the earliest 



times. (>iil\ less ini|Hirtiiiit is hi* (!?.m-lti<-ltti: (/if 

 /,. Sprnche (1848; 3d ed. 1868), and his 

 H'-iH/ini-t b'nchs (1834). In company with his 

 In-other Wilhelm lie published niiiiiv editions of old 

 < JIM man classics, Deittm-ln- Snyen (1810-18; 2d ed. 

 ist;."> tit; i ; and |>rojecte<l and commenced the great 

 mill still unfinished Deutschen \\'<>i-t<rl>n<-li (vol. i. 

 i : three-fourths finished by 1897, with the col- 

 I :t I. or. -i i ion of Heyne, Hildeorand, Lexer, and 

 .mil). The first volume of Grimm's Kleinere 

 ' 



.sV// /-//'A 1 // (8 vols. 1867-86) contains an autobio- 

 graphy which reveals a character entirely free from 

 jealousy or envy, full of warm human sympathy, 

 ami combining in an almost unexampled degree 

 a noble simplicity of life with lofty elevation of 

 purpose. Many collections of his letters have been 

 printed. See the studies by Scherer (2d ed. 1884), 

 I '.i-i iidt ( 1884 ), and those devoted to the two brothers 

 I'.v A. Duncker (1884) and Schonbach (1885). 



GRIMM'S LAW is the name given to the rule 

 which regulates the Lautverschiebung, or permuta- 

 tion of certain primitive consonants, which takes 

 place in the Teutonic languages. The law, as 

 finally formulated by Jakob Grimm, is that if the 

 same roots or words exist in Sanskrit, Greek, 

 ami generally in Latin, Celtic, Lettic, and Sla- 

 vonic, and also in Gothic, English, Dutch, and 

 other Low German dialects on the one hand, and 

 in < )ld High German on the other, the following 

 correspondences are to be expected : ( 1 ) Gothic 

 has a soft mute, and High German a hard mute, 

 in j)loce of the corresponding aspirate in Sanskrit 

 and Greek ; (2) Gothic has a hard mute, and High 

 German an aspirate, in place of the corresponding 

 soft mute in Sanskrit and Greek; (3) Gothic has 

 an aspirate, and High German a soft mute, in place 

 of the corresponding hard mute in Sanskrit and 

 Greek. Thus, a primitive th becomes d in Low 

 German, and t in High German, as in the words 

 Mugater, daughter, <ochter. A primitive d becomes 

 t in Low German, and z in High German, as in 

 rfuo, two, zwei ; or rfens, tooth, zahn ; or rfecem, 

 ten, ;sehn. A primitive t becomes th in Low Ger- 

 man, and d in High German, as in <res, three, rfrei ; 

 or tu, thon, rfu ; or tenuis, thin, rfiinn. Similar 

 changes affect the labials and gutturals, as in 

 pecns, fee, rich ; jmter, /ather, water ; /agus, feeech, 

 /mocha ; and in oculus, e^Ae ( ' eye ' ), au</e ; quiz, 

 i/V/o, wer ; or Mortos, garden, &orto. The normal 

 changes are set forth in the following table : 



Labials. Dentals. Gattunk. 



Greek, &c ........... p b ph t d th k g kh 



Gothic, 4c .......... f p b th t d (h) k g 



k 



p b p 

 f p b 

 Old High German... b(v)f p d z t g(h) ch 



The credit of the discovery of the Lautverschie- 

 lixii'l is not wholly due to Jakob Grimm. Ihre 

 and Kask had discovered, as early as 1818, the law 

 of the transmutation of consonants in Greek and 

 Gothic, while Grimm, in the second edition of his 

 DetUteke OraanmaNk, which appeared in 1822, 

 added the corresponding changes in Old High 

 German, and formulated the Law as it now stands. 



(iiiiMin's Law may be interfered with by the 

 action of other laws, especially by the position of 

 the accent, as formulated in Verner's Law (q.v.). 

 Thus Jrdter is accented on the first syllable and 

 pater on the second, consequently, though we have 

 troffar and Jittln-r in English, we find oruder and 

 voter in High German. The accent in patir has 

 interfered with the regular action of the Lautvcr- 

 schiebung, and prevented the normal change of t 

 to d from taking place. 



Thus Grimm's Law may be defined as the state- 

 ment of certain phonetic facte which happen in- 

 variably unless they are interfered with by other 



factH. The great use of Grimm's Law, in addition 

 to the identification of words in different language*, 

 is in the detection of loan won IK. Any etymology 

 which violates Grimm's Law, a* qualified ny other 

 phonetic laws, must be rejected unleu* it can he 

 explained as a loan word. 



The causes which brought alwmt the change* 

 formulated in Grimm's Law are obscure. They are 

 probably due to the settlement of Low German 

 conquerors in central and southern Germany. 



See DOOM'S Grimm's Law : a Study of Lautvernchie- 

 bung (1876); Max Mtiller'g Leetvret on the Htixtii f 

 Language, 2d series, lecture v. ( 1864 ) ; MorruT Histori- 

 cal Outlines of English Accidence, chap. ii. (1872). 



Grimm, WILHELM KAKL, brother of the pre- 

 ceding, was l>orn at Hanau, February 24, 1/86. 

 Great part of his life has already been told in that 

 of his brother. He was his companion in study at 

 the Lyceum of Cassel, the university of Mai burg, 

 and again at Gottingen, where in 1830 he was 

 appointed under-librarian and suj>ernumerary pro- 

 fessor of Philosophy. He joined his brother in the 

 protest against the king of Hanover, shared his 

 exile, and also his call to Berlin. There they 

 laboured together, and were commonly known as 

 the Brothers Grimm. Under that name also they 

 have a certain immortality in the affections of the 

 children of the civilised world. \Vilhelm died 16th 

 December 1859. His earliest independent work 

 was a German translation of the Danish Koempe- 

 Viser (1811-13). He edited many old German 

 texts, and collaborated with his brother Jakob in 

 several of his works. His own most important 

 book is Die deuttsche Heldensaye ( 1829 ; 2d ed. 

 1867). His Kleinere Schrijten, ed. by Hinrichs, 

 fill 4 vols. ( 1881-86), and contain an autobiography. 



<.rimiu;i. a town of Saxony, on the Mulde, 19 

 miles SE. of Leipzig by rail. It has a town-hall 

 ( 1442), a former royal castle ( now a court-house), a 

 celebrated school (1550, the 'Moldanum Illustre'), 

 and 8957 inhabitants, who support themselves by 

 manufactures and agriculture. See BORA ( K. VON ). 



Griinmelshaiisen, JOHANN JACOB CHRISTOF 

 VON, a German novelist of the 17th century. There 

 is some uncertainty as to the date and place of 

 his birth, but in all probability he was oorn at 

 Gelnhausen in Hesse-Cassel about the year 1625. 

 In early boyhood he was carried off bv a troop of 

 soldiers, and became a soldier himself, serving on 

 the imperial side in the Thirty Years' War up to 

 its close. For several years alter the end of the 

 war he seems to have led a wandering life, but 

 ultimately settled down at Renchen, near Kehl, 

 where he held the post of bailiff for the Bishop of 

 Strasburg, and passed the remainder of his days in 

 peace and prosperity, dying Amtmann of the town 

 in 1676. In the leisure of his later life he produced 

 a series of remarkable novels, all the more remark- 

 able for appearing in the sterile period that suc- 

 ceeded the Thirty Years' War. His first attempt 

 was an imitation of Cyrano de Bergerac. or perhaps 

 of Godwin's Voyage of Domingo Gonsales to the 

 Moon, but his best worlks are on the model of the 

 Spanish picaro, or rogue and vagal>ond romances, 

 and deal with the abundant materials furnished by 

 his own life. The form was all that he borrowed ; 

 the rich humour, dramatic power, and local colour 

 of his tales are all his own. The sufferings of the 

 German peasantry at the hands of the lawless 

 troopers who overran the country have never been 

 more powerfully pictured than in the_ opening 

 chapters of Simplicissimus (first printed in 1669), 

 which is evidently autobiographical to a great 

 extent. It was followed in 1670 by Trutz Simplex, 

 the story of an adventuress of the same sort as the 

 Picara Justina of Andres Perez, and Springinsfeld, 

 the history of a soldier of fortune, which was 



