GRIPING 



, <>r Gltll'KS, u popular name for all 



painful alfectiona of tin- l.o\\el-, whether attended 



with Constipation (q.v.) or Diarrho-a (q.v.). When 

 pains of tins kind ar<- spasmodic, they an- termed 

 Coli.- (q.v.). Tin- action of purgative medicine ia 

 .ft. -ii attended hy more or 1688 of griping pain, 

 which may In- averted in certain cases by the 

 r.ireful ell. .ice of tlie nie<lieilie, or li.V combination of 



it \\itli Carminatives (q.v.), or with a little opium. 



<.ri<|iialun<l West and East are two 



P.ritish districts of South Africa, one a part of 

 Cape Colony (q.v. ), the other a dependency of it, 

 an, I named' from the Griquas or Bastaards, who 



mixed race sprung from Dutch settlers and 

 native women. Griq ititlnnd l\ r eat lies to the north- 



>f Cape Colony, is Ixninded on the S. by the 

 <iran-e lliver, on the N. by Bechuana terntory, 

 on the K. hy Orange Free State, on the W. by the 

 Kalahari country. Portions of the country are 

 suitable for sheep-fanning and agriculture, but the 

 chief source of wealth is the diamond-fields. The 

 first diamond was discovered in 1867, and from that 

 t ime a steady stream of immigration set in ; settle- 

 ments were formed, all nationalities being repre- 

 sented, and digging was vigorously prosecuted. 

 Diamonds to the value of above 12,000,000 were 

 found therebetween 1871 and 1880, and of about 

 .t I. '..000,000 between 1883 and 1887. The territory 

 of the diamond-fields had been secured to Water- 

 boer, a native chief, but disputes arising as to his 

 boundaries, Griqualand West was annexed in 1871, 

 and incorporated with Cape Colony in 1880. Kim- 

 berley, which lias had railway connection with the 

 Cape since 1885, is the chief centre of the diamond 

 industry, and is the seat of government. The chief 

 towns are De Beers, Du Toit's Pan, Bultfontein, 

 Barklv, and Griqua Town. The area of Griqua- 

 land West is 15,197 sq. m., and the pop. (1891) 

 83,375, of whom 29,670 were whites. Griqva- 

 i'ti.il l-'.<ist is that part of No-Man's-Land which 

 lies hct ween -i he Kattir border and southern Natal. 

 It is allotted to the Griq^ia chief, Adam Kok, 

 who had removed thither with 15,000 Griquas, and 

 to the Basutos, who had previously migrated to 

 that country. This territory was annexed to the 

 Cape in 1875, and is now under colonial rule, 

 having one chief-magistrate and nine subordinates. 

 Chief village, Kokstadt. The area is given at 7594 

 sq. in. ; pop. (1891 ) 152,618 ; of whites, 4150. See 

 also THAXSKKI TERRITORY. 



Grisclda, or GRISELD/S, the heroine of one of 

 the most famous medieval tales, which the genius 

 of Boccaccio, Petrarch, and Chaucer has made a 

 permanent literary possession of the world. She was 

 the daughter of a poor Piedmontese- peasant, and 

 for her iieauty was taken to wife by the Marquis 

 Walter of Saluzzo. To prove her truth and humility, 

 he put her to several cruel tests tore both her 

 children in succession from her, and at last com- 

 manded her to return to her humble hut, as he was 

 about to take to himself another wife. To all her 

 husband's harsh commands she submitted with 

 such unquestioning suhmissiveness and humility as 

 to make herself for all time ' the flour of wyfly 

 pacience.' The marquis, overjoyed to see her com- 

 plete devotedness and self-renunciation, took her 

 again to his arms, nave her back the children she 

 had seen carried oil' to death, and henceforth they 

 lived together in uninterrupted happiness. 



The first literary version of the story occurs as 

 the last tale of Boccaccio's Decameron the tenth 

 tale of the tenth day, written doubtless about 1348. 

 Petrarch wrote a Latin version of it, De Obedientia 

 et Fide uj-orin ini/th nfuffin, written apparently about 

 1373. It is accompanied by a letter to Boccaccio, 

 in which Petrarch says that the story had always 

 pleased him when he heard it many years lefore. 



(-KIS1 



427 



The stuff of the story is undoubtedly much older 



than PMM-caccio, and certainly we soon find it widely 

 ililliised and highly popular. Kcinhold Kohler 

 enumerates as many as sixteen Volksbuch versions 

 in German from tlie end of the 15th to the middle 

 of the 17th century, all liased upon Heinrich Stein- 

 ho\\e|'s translation of Petrarch ( 1471). AM a chap- 

 lM)ok the story was almost as common in France in 

 the version Le Miroir de Dames, ou la Patience de 

 Griseldin, <L-c., to IMS found in Ch. N ward's llistoirt 

 de Livres Populaires (2d ed. 1804). In England 

 editions of such were entered on the Stationers' 

 Registers in the years 1565 and 1568, and another 

 of 1619 is still extant, under the title, The ancient, 

 true, and admirable History of Patient Gruel, &c., 

 reprinted for the Percy Society in 1842. Sub- 

 stantially the same story also appears in Danish, 

 Russian, and Icelandic folk-tales. 



The chief poetical version of the story of patient 

 Griselda is that in Chaucer's Clerkes Tale, one of 

 the noblest poems in its series, and recited by 

 perhaps the most attractive figure in the group of 

 pilgrims. Chaucer makes the Clerk say that he 

 had learned the tale at Padua from the lips of 

 Petrarch himself, and in all probability he identifies 

 himself here with the Clerk, and speaks out his 

 own personal experience, as he was aosent in Italy 

 on the king's business from the December of 1372 

 to the November of 1373. Thenoem is distinctly 

 founded on Petrarch's moralised Latin version, but 

 the poetical treatment of the story is so individual 

 that it all comes afresh from the mind of Chaucer. 

 We have a ballad of ' Pacyent Grissel ' in Bishop 

 Percy's Folio MS. ( vol. iii. 1868 ) ; and we find her 

 painted among the celebrated lovers on the walls of 

 the temple in Lydgate's poem, The Temple of Glass. 

 Indeed the beauty of the story, and its allegorical 

 value as a lesson teaching the duty of submission 

 to the will of God, quickly touched the popular 

 imagination, and the patience of Griselda passed 

 into a proverb, as we see in Shakespeare and Hndi- 

 bras. Perranlt's poem of 932 irregular rhymed 

 verses is the chief poetic elaboration of the theme 

 in French. 



The earliest dramatic representation was an 

 old French Mystery on the subject, composed 

 about 1395. Of more modern plays, it is enough 

 to mention Dekker, Chettle, and Haughton's 

 Pleasant Comedy of Patient Grissel ( 1599 ; ed. 

 by J. P. Collier for the Shakespeare Society, 

 1841); El exemplo de Casadas y prtieva de la 

 Paciencia, by Lope de Vega ; Hans Sachs' (,'cduld'q 

 itnd gehorsam Markgrtijin Griselda (1546); Gol- 

 doni's La Griselda; and Friedrich Halm's Griseldis 

 (1834). 



!See Reinhold Kohler's article in Ersch and Gruber's 

 Encif/clnpidie, and Dr Friedrich von Westenholz, l>it 

 ti'i-ixrldig-Saye in der Literaturi/eschicltte (Heidelberg, 

 1888). Petrarch's Latin tale of Griseldi*, with Boccaccio s 

 tale from which it was retold, is reprinted in the Chaucer 

 Society's Orif/inals and Analogues of Chauctr't Canter- 

 bury Tales, part ii. (1875). 



Grisi, GIULIA, a celebrated singer, was born at 

 Milan in 1811, and made her first appearance in 

 1828, at Bologna, in Rossini's Zelmini. Her fame 

 spread rapidly over Europe ; in 1832 she appeared 

 in Paris in Semiramis. where the purity, melodious- 

 ness, and volume of her voice, as well as her 

 classical beauty of features ( Heine wrote of her as 

 'the singing flower of beauty'), secured general 

 admiration. Bellini's Puritani and other o|>eras 

 were written for her, but Norma always remained 

 her greatest part. London was the scene of her 

 grandest and most successful performances ; and 

 here she married in 1836 the Marquis de Melcy, 

 after whose death she became in 1856 the wife of 

 the tenor, Mario, with whom she sang in America. 

 She .lied in Berlin. 28th November 1869. 



