GRONINC.EN 



GROSS 



429 



the Htmly l.y L< Koux de Liney (1866), ami 

 Clement tie Ris, Leu Amnti-itrn d'Autrefoia (1876). 



(roiiiiiifcn (ancient Cruoninga), the north- 

 eastern piovinrf of Holland, bounded N. by the 

 i Sea and E. by Hanover, with an area of 887 

 s.|. in. The surface lien low ; the soil is fertile, 

 particularly in tin- north; in the south-east there 

 'veral marches, though they are being rapidly 

 drained and cultivated (as the Bourtanger). 

 Fanning and graxing are the chief pursuits or the 

 people. Shipbuilding is extensively followed ; much 

 hiittur is exported, and some woollen hosiery, 

 doth, linen, paper, pottery, and potato-meal are 

 manufactured. The people, 285, / 80 in 1894, are 

 almost entirely of the Frisian race, and belong 

 cliiclly to the Reformed Church. 



GroilillSCll, the capital of the above province, 

 _'"> inili-s by rail SW. of Delfzihl, on Dollart Bay, 

 :iml 34 E. of Leeuwarden. The university, founded 

 in 1614, with new buildings of 1850, and some 360 

 students, possesses a library, a botanic garden, an 

 observatory, a collection of Teutonic antiquities, a 

 hospital, and a museum of natural history. A 

 celebrated deaf and dumb institution was founded 

 by Guyot in 1790. The chief industries are the 

 manufacture of linen and woollen goods, tobacco, 

 brushes, Dutch tiles, and boat-building. Groningen, 

 already an important place in the 9th century, 

 joined the Hanseatic League in 1282. From the 

 llth century it fought hard to maintain its in- 

 dependence against the bishops of Utrecht, nor did 

 it submit until 1493, and then only to escape being 

 handed over by the emperor to the Duke of Saxony. 

 During the 16th century it had a very stormy 

 history, being finally won for the United Nether- 

 lands by Maurice of Nassau in 1594. Pop. (1876) 

 40,165; (1893)57,967. 



Gronovilis, the Latinised form of Gronov, the 

 name of a family of scholars of German extraction, 

 settled in Holland, the principal members of which 

 were : John Frederic Gronovius, born at Hamburg 

 in 1611, studied at Leipzig, Jena, and Altdorf, 

 became in 1643 professor at Deventer, and in 1658 

 at Leyden, where he died in 1671. He edited 

 Liyy, Statius, Tacitus, Pha'drus, Seneca, Sallust, 

 Pliny, and Plautus, and published many works 

 showing a profound knowledge of Roman antiqui- 

 ties, among them his Observationes et Comment- 

 arius de Sestertiis. .James Gronovius, son of the 

 preceding, born at Deventer in 1645, studied partly 

 there and partly at Leyden, occupied for two years 

 a chair at Pisa, was appointed in 1679 to his 

 father's chair, which he held till his death in 

 1716. His works were his Thesaurus Antiquita- 

 tum Grtecorum (15 vols. 1697-1702), and editions 

 of Polybius, Herodotus, Cicero, and Ammianus 

 Marcellinus. Abraham Gronovius, son of the pre- 

 ceding, born at Leyden in 1694, became librarian 

 to the university, and died there in 1775. He 

 hoWed himself worthy of the traditions of his 

 hous by his excellent editions of Justinus Pom- 

 poniua Mela and Tacitus. John Frederick, an 

 eminent lotanist, brother of the preceding, was 

 born at Leyden in 1690, and died there in 1760. 

 His works were Flora Virginica (1743) and Flora 

 Oriental* (1765). Laurence Theodore Gronovius, 

 son of the preceding, born 1730, died at Leyilcn. 

 1778, author of Museum ichthyologicum ( 1754-56) ; 

 Zl>hylacium Gronovianum (1763-81); and Bibli- 

 ot/i.-<;i regui animal is ( 1760). 



Groot, GERHARD (1340-84), founder of the 

 ' Brethren of the Common Life.' See BROTHER- 

 HOODS. 



Grqote Eylnndt (Dutch, 'great island'), 

 an uninhabited island on the west side of the 

 Gulf of Carpentaria, in North Australia. It is 

 surrounded by reefs, and it* interior is hilly. In 



extreme length and breadth it measures about 40 

 miles each \\.-is . 



Gros ANTOINE JEAN, BAROX, a French hU- 

 torical painter, wait born at Paris on 16th March 

 1771, studied in the school of David, and first 

 acquired celebrity by his picture of ' linnaparte on 

 t In- I .ridge of Arcole.' His first great achievement, 

 however, was ' Napoleon visiting the Plague- 

 smitten at Jaffa' in 1804; and scarcely less suc- 

 cessful were the 'Battle of Aboukir' (1806) and 

 the 'Battle of Eylau* (1808). Gros also painted 

 several other historical pictures illustrating the 

 achievements of Napoleon ; the ' Meeting of 

 Charles V. and Francis I.' in 1812; in 1811-24 

 an immense work for the cupola of the church 

 of Saint Genevieve ; the ' Departure of Louis 

 XVIII. for Ghent' (1815); and the 'Embarka- 

 tion of the Duchess of Angouleme' (1815). In 

 his later years he returned to the traditionary 

 classic style of painting, and in chagrin at his 

 want of success is believed to have committed 

 suicide. At all events, his body was drawn out 

 of the Seine near Meudon, 27th June 1835. Gros's 

 paintings are marked by powerful expression and 

 dramatic movement, but are deficient in delicacy 

 and sentiment. See his Life by Delestre (1867) 

 and Tripier le Franc (1878). 



Grosbeak, a name applied to not a few 

 highly-specialised finches (Fnngillida^), with thick, 

 heavy, seed-crushing bills, ' so high that their upper 

 contours almost form one continuous curve with 

 that of the head.' The European Hawfinch (q.v. ) 

 ( Coccothraustes vulgaris ) and the American Evening 

 Grosbeak (Hesperiphona vespertina) are good ex- 

 amples. But the name is applied to many other 

 birds e.g. to the Cardinal Grosbeaks (Carilinalis) 

 and the Rose-breasted Grosbeak (llabia ludovici- 

 ana ). 



Groschen. See GROAT. 



Grose, FRANCIS, a famous English antiquary, 

 born at Greenford, Middlesex, in 1731, son of a 

 rich Swiss jeweller settled in England. In the 

 College of Heralds in 1755-63, he next became 

 adjutant of the Hampshire and then of the 

 Surrey militia, and, when his easy habits had 

 brought him to the end of his fortune, be^an 

 to put to profit the favourite studies of his 

 youth and his excellent draughtmanship. His 

 Antiquities of England and Wales (6 vofs. 1773- 

 87) proved a success, and in 1789 he set out on an 

 antiquarian tour through Scotland. His splendid 

 social qualities, his rich humour and good nature, 

 which fitted well with his Falstaff-like bulk, made 

 him friends everywhere. Burns made his acquaint- 

 ance, and has hit him oft' admirably in his poem, 

 'Hear, Land o 1 Cakes, and brither Scots.' The 

 lines 'a chield's among you takin' notes, and faith 

 he'll prent it,' are often quoted by persons ignorant 

 of their original application. Grose crossed over to 

 Ireland to continue the same inquiries, but died 

 suddenly in an apoplectic fit at Dublin, 12th May 

 1791. Grose's work on the antiquities of Scotland 

 appeared 1789-91 ; that of Ireland in 1791. Works 

 or exceptional value are A Classical Dictionary of 

 flu- Vulgar Tongue (1785; new ed. with Memoir 

 by Tierce Egan, 1823), and A Provincial Glossary 

 (1787). Other works are his Treatise on Ancient 

 Armour tun/ Wcaimns ( 1785-89 ) ; Military Antiqui- 

 ties (1786-88); The (innnblcr (1791), a collection 

 of amusing essays ; and The Olio (1793), a strange 

 hotch-potch of jests, verse, and prose essays. 



Gross SAMUEL DAVID, American surgeon, was 

 born near Easton, Pennsylvania, 8th July 1805, 

 graduated at Jefferson MeJical College, in Philadel- 

 phia, in 1828, and in 1835 became professor of 

 Pathological Anatomy at Cincinnati. He was 

 at'ti-i -wards professor of Surgery in the universities 



