430 



GROSSENHAIN 



GROTE 



of Louisville and New York, and from 1856 to 

 1882 in Jefferson College. He died in Philadelphia, 

 6th May 1884. His published works are numerous 

 and valuable, and include a System of Surgery 

 (2 vols. 1859; 6th ed. 1882). Dr Gross was a 

 member of many medical and surgical societies, 

 both in America and in Europe, was president of 

 the International Medical Congress at Philadelphia 

 in 1876, and received the degree of D.C.L. from 

 Oxford in 1872, and of LL.D. from Edinburgh in 

 1884. 



Grpssenliain, a busy town of Saxony, 21 miles 

 by rail NNW. of Dresden. It has manufactures 

 of cloth, buckskin, hosiery, nets, machinery, and 

 cigars. Pop. (1875) 10,686; (1890) 11,938. 



Grosseteste, ROBERT, Bishop of Lincoln, was 

 born al)out 1175 at Stradbroke in Suffolk, of peas- 

 ant parentage Grosseteste ( the French for 'great- 

 head ;' Lat. capita) being a mere ' to-name. ' Edu- 

 cated at Lincoln, Oxford, and Paris, he had for 

 some years been the first teacher of theology in the 

 Franciscan school at Oxford, and had held eight 

 archdeaconries and other preferments, when in 1235 

 he was elected Bishop or Lincoln. He forthwith 

 undertook in the most vigorous fashion the refor- 

 mation of abuses, embroiling himself thereby first 

 with his own chapter and next with Pope Inno- 

 cent IV., whom he twice visited at Lyons, in 

 1244-46 and 1249-50. The pope granted English 

 benefices to 'rascal Romans,, who drew indeed the 

 revenues of their office, but never perhaps showed 

 face in the country. This was intolerable to a 

 man like Grosseteste, and he set himself strongly 

 against it, incurring by his boldness a temporary 

 suspension from the exercise of his episcopal func- 

 tions, and a continual menace of excommunication. 

 In the last year of Grosseteste's life, Innocent wrote 

 to him ordering his nephew, a young Italian, to be 

 promoted to the first canon ry that should fall vacant 

 at Lincoln, and accompanying his injunction with 

 threats. The bishop was filled with indignation, 

 and at once wrote a letter declaring that he would 

 not obey such precepts even though they should 

 issue from ' the highest order of angels,' and liken- 

 ing the pope's nepotism to the sin of Lucifer and 

 Antichrist. Innocent, transported with fury, ex- 

 communicated him ; but Grosseteste quietly ap- 

 pealed to Christ's own throne, and troubled him- 

 self no more about the matter. The feeling of 

 the English nation sustained him ; his clergy went 

 on obeying him as if nothing had happened ; 

 and on his death at Buckden, near Huntingdon, 

 9th October 1253, Archbishop Boniface himself 

 officiated at his funeral in Lincoln Cathedral. 

 Such is the current account, against which Lingard 

 objects that the mandate came not from the pope 

 but the nuncio ; that Innocent, on receiving Grosse- 

 teste's reply, not only rescinded the order, but 

 adopted measures for the reform of these abuses ; 

 and that the story of Grosseteste's dying under 

 sentence of excommunication rests on very ques- 

 tionable authority. 



Grosseteste often is claimed as a pre-Reformation 

 reformer ; but his reforms were in the direction 

 not of doctrine, but discipline. In politics he was 

 a constitutionalist, a friend of Simon de Mont- 

 fort. His learning was prodigious ; Latin, Greek, 

 Hebrew, French, mathematics, medicine, astron- 

 omy, mechanics, and music were among his attain- 

 ments ; whilst his knowledge of the Scriptures was 

 profound. Pegge's catalogue of his works, of which 

 only a few have been published, fills 25 closely - 

 printed quarto pages, and exhibits 'treatises on 

 Bound, motion, heat, colour, form, angles, atmo- 

 spheric pressure, poison, the rainbow, comets, light, 

 as well as on the astrolabe, necromancy, and 

 witchcraft.' See Brewer's Monumenta Franciscana 



(1858); Luard's edition of Grosseteste's Latin 

 letters (Record Soc., 1862) ; and Perry's Life and 

 Times of Grosseteste ( S. P. C. K. , 1871 ). 



Grpsseto, a little Tuscan town on the Ombrone, 

 near its mouth, 160 miles SE. of Leghorn by rail, 

 with a fine cathedral and old fortifications. Pop. 

 3962. Much marsh land in the Mareinnia has been 

 drained and rendered healthy and fertile. 



Grossglocklier, the highest peak, 13,458 feet, 

 of the eastern Alps and the centre of the range 

 Hohe Tauern, is situated near the meeting-point of 

 the frontiers of Tyrol, Carinthia, and Salzburg. 



Grossulariaceae, or RIBESIACE.E, a sub-order 

 of Saxifragacefe, including about 100 species, 

 mostly all pal>arctic or nearctic. See CURRANT 

 and GOOSEBERRY. 



Grosswardein (Magyar Nagy-Varad), one 

 of the oldest towns of Hungary, in the county of 

 Bihar, is situated in a beautiful plain, on the Sabes 

 (Rapid) Koros, 152 miles by rail SSE. of Pesth. 

 Formerly a fortress, it is now the seat of a Roman 

 Catholic and of a Greek bishop, has nineteen 

 churches, and manufactures spirits, oil, vinegar, 

 tiles, matches, pottery, and wine. Pop. (1870) 

 28,698; (1890) 38,219. In the neighbourhood is 

 the Bishop's Bath, with alkaline sulphur-springs 

 ( 104- 106 F. ). At Grosswardein peace was con- 

 cluded between Ferdinand I. of Austria and John 

 Zapolya of Transylvania in 1538. It was taken 

 and pillaged by the Turks in 1660, and remained in 

 their hands until its recapture by the Austrians in 

 1692. 



Grote, GEORGE, historian and politician, was 

 born at Clay Hill, Beckenham, Kent, November 17, 

 1794. He was educated at the Charterhouse, and 

 in 1810 became a clerk in the bank founded by his 

 grandfather (a native of Bremen), Mr George Pres- 

 cott, in Threadneedle Street. He remained in the 

 bank for thirty-two years, devoting all his leisure 

 to literature and political studies. He was an 

 advanced Liberal in politics, and his first literary 

 production was a reply to an article by Sir James 

 Mackintosh in The Edinburgh Review on parlia- 

 mentary reform. This was succeeded by a small 

 work on The Essentials of Parliamentary Reform. 

 Becoming acquainted with James Mill, Grote ulti- 

 mately accepted his views on democratic govern- 

 ment and church establishments ; and many years 

 before the passing of the Reform Bill of 1832 he 

 laboured with a band of other ardent reformers in 

 promulgating the views of Mill and Bentham and 

 opposing both the Whigs and Tories. He further 

 studied James Mill's system of political economy, 

 and was not a little influenced in philosophy by the 

 views of Comte. In 1820 he married Harriet, 

 daughter of Thomas Lewin, of Bexley, a lady of 

 considerable literary gifts, and their house in 

 Threadneedle Street became a distinguished centre 

 of political and philosophical thought. Encouraged 

 by his friends the two Mills, John Austin, and 

 Charles Buller, and strongly urged also by his wife, 

 he conceived in 1823 the idea for his History of 

 Greece. Mitford's history he mercilessly dissected 

 at this time in the Westminster Review. Grote 

 became head of the bank in 1830, and his position 

 in the city, combined with his well-known talents, 

 naturally pointed him out as a fitting representa- 

 tive of the Metropolis in parliament. In the 

 election of 1832, consequent upon the passing of 

 the Reform Bill, he stood for the City, and was 

 returned at the head of the poll. During his first 

 session in parliament he brought forward a motion 

 for the adoption of the vote by ballot, his speech 

 being remarkably able and incisive. The motion 

 was lost by 211 to 106 votes, but Grote renewed it 

 in the following session, and continued to advocate 

 the measure until his abandonment of parlia 



