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GROTTA DEL CANE 



GROUND-NUT 



wife, who managed to have him carried out of the 

 castle in a chest used for the conveyance of books 

 and linen, while she remained in prison in his 

 stead. Grotius found refuge at Paris in 1621, 

 and Louis XIII. bestowed upon him a pension of 

 3000 livres. But ten years later this pension was 

 withdrawn from him. From his youth upwards 

 Grotius had been a diligent student of jurispru- 

 dence ; in 1604 he wrote a work entitled De Jure 

 Prcedce, which, however, he did not publish, but 

 which he seems to have steadily improved year 

 after year, until finally he issued it as his master- 

 piece, De Jure Belli et Paris, in 1625. This work, 

 a piece of most excellent scholarship, at once 

 established its place as a standard authority on 

 international law, and such it remained for several 

 generations (see INTERNATIONAL LAW). In 1634 

 Oxenstierna and Queen Christina induced Grotius 

 to enter the Swedish service as ambassador at the 

 French court, a post which he held until 1645. On 

 his retirement he proceeded to Stockholm ; but, 

 finding the court as uncongenial as the climate, 

 he was returning home to Holland when lie was 

 shipwrecked, and died at Rostock, on the 29th 

 August 1645. 



To the talents of an able statesman Grotius 

 united deep and extensive learning. He was a 

 profound theologian perhaps the best exegete of 

 his day a distinguished scholar, an acute philo- 

 sopher, a judicious historian, and a splendid jurist. 

 He was one of the best modern writers of Latin 

 verse, and likewise composed poems in the Dutch 

 language. His best historical work is Annalcs 

 et Histories de Rebus Belgicis ( 1657), written in a 

 style that recalls Tacitus by its concise and pointed 

 power. His theological productions bear the titles 

 Annotationes in Vetus Testamentum (1644); An- 

 notationes in Novum Testamentum (1641-46); and 

 De Veritate Religionis Christiana (1627), trans- 

 lated even into several oriental languages, and re- 

 markable for its clear arrangement, vigorous logic, 

 and graceful style. It is an elegant treatise on 

 Christian apologetics. Lehmann's Hugonis Grotii 

 Manes Vindicati (1727) contains a good life and 

 a complete bibliography of his works. See also 

 Hely, fitude sur le Droit de la Guerre et de la 

 Paix de Grotius (1875), and Butler's Life (1827). 

 The De Jure Belli was translated into English by 

 Whewell in 1853. 



Grotta del Cane ('Grotto of the Dog'), 

 a small cave near Naples, in the vicinity of Lake 

 Agnano and of Puzzuoli, contains carbonic acid 

 gas with 77 per cent, of carbonic acid. This cave 

 was known to the ancients, and is described by 

 Pliny. It derives its name from the practice of 

 introducing into it small dogs, which are soon 

 almost deprived of life by the gas that owing to 

 its density clings to the floor of the cave ; but 

 they soon recover upon being restored to the open 

 air. 



Grottaglie, a town in the Italian province of 

 Lecce, 12 miles ENE. of Taranto, with 8880 inhab- 

 itants, who carry on wine-growing, bee-keeping, 

 and silk and cotton weaving. 



Grotte, LE, a town of Sicily, in the province 

 of Girgenti. Pop. 8775, mostly employed in the 

 sulphur- works of the district. 



Grouchy, EMMANUEL, MARQUIS DE, French 

 general, born at Paris, 23d October 1766. Enter- 

 ing the army at fourteen, he threw in his lot with 

 the Revolution, and had his first taste of serious 

 work in helping to suppress the Vendean revolt. 

 After being nominated second to Hoche for the 

 abortive expedition to Ireland, though Grouchy 

 did enter Bantry Bay, he proceeded to join Joubert 

 in Italy in 1798. Under Moreau, he greatly dis- 

 tinguished himself in Piedmont, and at Novi was 



taken prisoner, but subsequently exchanged ( 1799). 

 Later he fought with conspicuous gallantry at 

 Hohenlinden, Eylau, Friedland, Wagram. and in 

 the Russian campaign of 1812, being appointed 

 during the memorable retreat leader of the ' sacred ' 

 bodyguard of Napoleon. After the disastrous battle 

 of Leipzig, Grouchy covered the retreat of the French 

 on the west side of the Rhine. Amongst the first 

 to welcome Napoleon after his escape from Elba, 

 Grouchy destroyed the Bourbon opposition in the 

 south of France, and then, hastening north, routed 

 Bliicher at Ligny. After the defeat at Waterloo 

 and the second abdication of Napoleon, Grouchy, 

 appointed by the provisional government com- 

 mander-in-chief of the broken armies of France, 

 led them skilfully back towards the capital ; then, 

 resigning, he betook himself to the United States. 

 He returned from exile in 1819, and was reinstated 

 as marshal in 1831. His death occurred at St- 

 Etienne on 29th May 1847. See his Memoires, 

 edited by his grandson (5 vols. 1873-74). 



Ground-annual, in the law of Scotland, is an 

 annual payment, sometimes called a rent-charge, 

 made for land. It may be regarded as a substitute 

 for feu-duty, and is little known where the law 

 allows the constitution of a feu-duty. Thus, when 

 a vendor sells his land, and instead of taking a 

 lump sum for the price, prefers a sum by way of a 

 perpetual annuity or rent, he conveys the land in 

 fee to the disponee or purchaser, subject to this 

 ground-annual, which is. a burden on the lands 

 transferable and extinguishable like other real 

 burdens. The vendor is then called the ground- 

 annualer, and if the ground-annual is not paid he 

 is entitled as a remedy to poind the ground i.e. 

 seize all the goods, whether of the owner or his 

 tenants, which are found on the lands, and pay 

 himself, and raise action of maills and duties 

 against the tenant, or he may sue the debtor. 



Ground-game. See GAME-LAWS. 

 Ground-ice. See ANCHOR-ICE. 



Ground-ivy ( Glechtima hederacea, united with 

 the genus Nepeta by some botanists as N. Glechoma), 

 a plant of the natural order Labiata?, a common 

 native of Britain and other parts of Europe, grow- 

 ing in waste places, plantations, hedges, &c., in a 

 dry soil. It has a creeping stem, kidney-shaped 

 crenate leaves, and axillary blue flowers growing in 

 threes. A tea prepared from the leaves is in great 

 repute among the poor in many places, and the 

 plant is supposed to be stimulant, aromatic, and 

 of use in pectoral complaints. The leaves were 

 formerly used in England for clarifying and flavour- 

 ing ale, which was then called Gill-ale or Gell-ale, 

 from Gill or Gell, an old name of this plant ; but 

 this use has been discontinued since the introduc- 

 tion of hops. 



Groundling ( Cobitis tcenia), the spinous loach, 

 a little cyprinoid fish resembling the loach, from 

 which it is distinguished by a forked erectile spine 

 beneath the eye, and by its more compressed form. 

 It is rare and very local in Britain, frequenting the 

 muddy parts of rivers, habitually keeping close to 

 the bottom. The genus is known to include only 

 two other species. 



Ground-nut, GROUND-BEAN, or PEA-NUT, 

 the fruit of Arachis hypogcea, an annual plant 

 belonging to the natural order LeguminosfB, exten- 

 sively cultivated in southern North America, but 

 supposed to be a native of Africa. The name 

 Arachis, Aracos, or Aracidna, was given by Pliny 

 to a plant which was stemless and leafless, being all 

 root. Modern botanists have given the name to a 

 species which ripens its fruit underground. The 

 pods, though first formed in the air, are as they 

 increase in size forced into the earth by a natural 



