fJROVK 



CIM'NDTVK; 



435 



<!fin: Sun: vi. IlKKl); manuals of Yarrell, 

 ml SauiKlers, Ao. ; Colquhoun, The Moor and the 

 iMeh. (1H.51, tith ed. 1884); Lord WaUingham an<l Sir 

 R. Payne-Gall wi-y, xh<,iinn (Hadininton Lib. lKSIi) ; 

 Ellangowan,' Outdoor Sport* in Kent I ml (1869). For 

 disease, see Zooloyttt, Rep. Hrit. AMOC., and Journ. Roy. 

 S,,,: : Chapman, Bird Life on the Kordrrt ( 1 880 ) ; 

 Klrm, AY ('/(/(/ mill f'atholoyy of (Jruute Ditccue (189*2). 

 Grovr, Mi: (JKoltcK, horn at Clupham in 1820, 

 \\:i- trained as a civil engineer, and erected in the 

 \\ H( Indies the first two cant-iron lighthouses Imilt. 

 member of the staff of Robert StepheiiBon, he 

 was employed at the Cheater general station and 

 tin- llritaiinia tulmlar bridge. He was secretary 

 in I In- Society of Arts from 1849 to 1852, and 

 secretary to the Crystal Palace Company from 1852 

 to 1873, whore lie subsequently became a director. 

 It was for his services to literature and music that 

 Sir (Jfor^f was best known. As editor of Mumiil- 

 Inn'a .Mtiijnzine, as a large contributor to Smith's 

 Dictionary of tin- JSi/>/r, and as editor (and part au- 

 thor) of the great Dictionary of Music and Musi- 

 fin />.* (4vols. 1878-89), he served the reading public ; 

 and these and his zeal and success in promoting 

 the love of good music secured for him the degree 

 of D.C.L. from Durham University in 1872, and 

 LL.D. of Glasgow in 1886. He was knighted in 

 1883 on the opening of the Royal College of Music, 

 of which he was made Director a post he 

 ie-igned in 1895. He was founder of the Palestine 

 Exploration Fund, published Beethoven and his 

 .Mite Symphonies in 1896, and was one of the con- 

 tributors to this Encyclopaedia. Died May 28, 1900. 

 Grove, SIR WILLIAM ROBERT, lawyer and 

 physicist, was born at Swansea, llth July 1811. 

 He studied at Brasenose, Oxford, and in 1835 was 

 called to the bar; in 1871 he was raised to the 

 bench, receiving knighthood in 1872 ; and by the 

 Judicature Act (1875) becoming a judge in the 

 High Court of Justice. He retired from the bench 

 in 1887. He greatly distinguished himself in the 

 subjects of electricity and optics, and was professor 

 of Natural Science at the London Institution from 

 *40 to 1847. In 1839 he invented the powerful 

 voltaic battery known by his name. He con- 

 tributed extensively toscientilic journals, and pub- 

 lished several very important lectures, as those on 

 the Progress of Physical Science (1842), in which 

 he propounded the theory of the mutual converti- 

 bility of the natural forces, on the assumption of 

 their all being modes of motion ; the Correlation 

 of the Physical Forces (1846), a development of 

 the same views ; Voltaic Ignition ( 1847) ; and the 

 Continuity of Natural Phenomena (1866). He 

 was president of the British Association in 1866, 

 and was a Fellow of many learned societies. He 

 died on the 3d August 1896. 

 droves. See ASHERA, TREE-WORSHIP. 

 Growler (Grystes salmonoides), a fish of the 

 Perch family, abundant in many of the rivers of 

 North America, as in the neighbourhood of New 

 York. It attains a length of 2 feet, affords good 

 sport to anglers, and is much esteemed for the 

 [t is of an olive colour, dark on the upper 

 parts, and becoming grayish-white beneath. It 

 receives its name from a sound which it emits. 

 The genus Grystes has small scales, and only fine 

 vilhform teeth. Nearly allied is the genus Oli- 

 gorus, including the valuable Murray Cod (O. 

 mamutnetuit) from the Murray and other rivers 

 Somli Australia, which may attain a length of 

 3 feet and a weight of 100 IK, and a New Zealand 

 coast form, the r Hapuku ' (0. gigas). 

 Groyne, THE, a sailor's name for Corufia (q.v. ). 

 Grub, a name generally applied to the worm- 

 like larvre of insects when they have a distinct 

 head bnt no legs e.g. in I>ee8 ami some beetles 

 In distinction therefrom, a larva without distinct 



head and without limbs, ax in Diptera, in a mtiifi/t. 

 but with distinct head and limbs, anterior a* well 

 a* posterior, in a caterpillar. Hut tin--.- ar all 

 somewhat rough and ill-defined t it !-, now replaced 

 by a more exact terminology (see INKK< is ami 

 LARVA ). The economic importance of many grubs, 

 especially those of some beetles, is well known. 

 See CORN INSECTS. 



Grubber, an agricultural implement consisting 

 of a framework of cast or wrought iron, in which 

 are fixed tines or teeth, someu hat like those of a 

 harrow, but curved, and so placed as to enter the 

 ground somewhat obliquely when the implement 

 goes forward ; the whole moving on wheels, by 

 which the depth to which the teeth may penetrate 

 is regulated. 



Gruber, JOHANN GOTTFRIED, German author, 

 born at Naumburg on the Saale, 29th November 

 1774, studied at Leipzig, and in 1811 was appointed 

 professor at the university of Wittenberg, and in 

 1815 professor of Philosophy at Halle. He died 

 7th August 1851. His chief work was that of 

 editing, first with Ersch, and after his death alone, 

 the first section (A to G) of the Allqemeine 

 Encyklopadie ( see ENCYCLOPEDIA ). Of Ins inde- 

 pendent works we mention Charakteristik Herders 

 (1805), Geschichte des menschlichen Geschlechts 

 (1805), and lives of Wieland (1815-16) and Klop- 

 stock ( 1832) ; he also edited Wieland's Sdmmtltc/ie 

 Werke( 1818-28). 



Grub Street, thus described in Dr Johnson's 

 Dictionary : ' Originally the name of a street near 

 Moorfields in London, much inhabited by writers 

 of small histories, dictionaries, and temporary 

 poems, whence any mean production is called Grub- 

 Street.' Andrew Marvel! used the name in its 

 opprobrious sense, which later was freely used by 

 Pope, Swift, and the rest. The name has been 

 changed into Milton Street, <from the neighbour- 

 hood of the Bunhill residence of the poet. One of 

 the most entertaining of the old newspapers is the 

 Grub Street Journal, which ended with its 418th 

 number, December, 29, 1737, the principal writers 

 of which are supposed to have been Dr Richard 

 Russel and Dr John Martyn, and which was used, 

 if not by Pope himself, at least by his party, as a 

 vehicle for attacks against the Dunces. 



Gruel is a mild, nutritious, easily-digested 

 article of food. To prepare it, put a teacupful of 

 oatmeal into a pint of water ; after standing twenty 

 minutes pour off the water, rejecting the coarse 

 parts of the meal ; boil the water twenty minutes. 

 It may be flavoured according to taste ; butter 

 should not be added if the gruel is meant for 

 invalids. Gruel is more nourishing than prepara- 

 tions from arrowroot, sago, tapioca, and other 

 starchy substances. 



Grtin, ANASTASIUS. See AUERSPERG. 



Grtinberg, a town of Prussian Silesia, 34 mile* 

 NW. of Glogau by rail, is surrounded by vine-clad 

 hills, and manufactures wine (since 1150), woollen 

 goods, twine, machinery, &c. Pop. 14,396. 



Griindtvig, NIKOLAI FREDERIK SEVERIN, 

 Danish poet and theologian, was born at Udby, in 

 Zealand, 8th September 1783. He first became 

 known as the author of Northern Mythology ( 1808 ; 

 3d ed. enlarged and revised, 1870) and Decline of 

 the Heroic Age in the North (1809). These were 

 followed in 1814 by the Rhyme ofJKoeskilde and the 

 Roeskilde Saga, and in 1815 by a collection of 

 patriotic songs (Kvadlinger). About the same 

 time he took his stand as a witness against the 

 current irreligion and rationalism. As time went 

 on he became the head of a religious school, the 

 Grundtvigians, who strove to free the church from 

 the interference of the state, and to approximate to 



