436 



GRUNDY 



GUADALAJARA 



the ideal of independent religious communes. His 

 religious views got firm hold of the hearts of the 

 people throughout the three countries of Scandi- 

 navia. Besides this he was instrumental in raising 

 the educational condition of the peasantry. In 

 1825 Grundtvig, for a vehement attack upon one of 

 the chief representatives of the prevalent ration- 

 alism, was fined and suspended from preaching, the 

 suspension lasting until 1832. During all these 

 years his pen was never idle. In 1818 he had 

 begun the translation into Danish of Snorri 

 Sturluson and Saxo Grammaticus ; and in 1820 he 

 published a Danish translation of the Anglo-Saxon 

 poem Beoivulf. As a writer of secular and sacred 

 poetry he stands high in his countrymen's regards ; 

 his son published his Poetiske Skrifter ( 6 vols. ) in 

 1880-85. From 1839 Grundtvig preached in the 

 church of Vartov Hospital in Copenhagen, after 

 1861 vvitli the title of bishop, though he held no 

 see. He died 2d September 1872. The works of 

 his later years include The Seven Stars of Christen- 

 dom (1860; 3d ed. 1883) and Church Mirror (1871 ), 

 a collection of addresses. His son, SVEND HERSLEB 

 (1824-83), from 1869 professor of Scandinavian 

 Philology at Copenhagen, edited Danmarks Gamle 

 Folkeviser (1853-83), other collections of folk-tales, 

 and Swmund's Edda (1868; 2d ed. 1884). 



Grillldy, MRS, the invisible censor morum ap- 

 pealed to in the phrase, ' But what will Mrs Grundy 

 say?' in Morton's play Speed the Plough (1800). 



<> m lid y. SYDNEY, born in Manchester 23d 

 March 1848, was called to the bar. In 1876 he 

 published a 3-vohime novel, The Days of his 

 Vanity ; but has since become known as a success- 

 ful playwright, having produced The Glass of 

 Fashion (1883),' A Fool's Paradise (1890), A White 

 Lie (1893), Sowing the Wind (1893), and The New 

 Woman ( 1894). Many (like A Pair of Spectacles) 

 are adaptations from the French. 



Gruy&re, a little town of Switzerland, 16 miles 

 SSW. of Freiburg, gives its name to the famous 

 cheese of the whole canton of Freiburg. Pop. 1200. 



GryllllS, a Linnean genus of insects of the 

 order Orthoptera, answering to the section Salta- 

 toria (Lat., 'leapers') of later entomologists, and 

 containing crickets, grasshoppers, locusts, &c. The 

 genus is now restricted to the true crickets e.g. 

 G. domesticus and G. campestris, while the family 

 Gryllidae is defined to include a not very large 

 number of related genera, such as the mole cricket 

 (Gryllotalpa). See CRICKET, GRASSHOPPER, 

 LOCUST. 



Gryphius, SEBASTIAN, a famous printer, born 

 at Reutlingen, in Swabia, in 1493. He came as a 

 youth to Lyons, and died there in 1556, having 

 between 1528 and 1547 issued above 300 works, 

 notable for their accuracy and the large clear type 

 in which they were printed. Gryphius preferred a 

 large bold Italic type. Amongst the more noted 

 , works are the fine Latin Bible of 1550, and Dolet's 

 Commentaria Linguae Latinaz ( 1536). The original 

 German spelling of the Latinised name Gryphius 

 is Gryph, the French Gryphe. The well-known 

 emblem on Gryphius's publications is a griffin. 

 Gryphius's sons, Antoine and Francois, were also 

 famous French printers. 



Gsell-Fels, THEODOR, author of the excellent 

 guide-books for Italy, was born at St Gall in 1819, 

 and has laboured with equal success as a medical 

 man in various towns ( Wiirzburg, Berlin, Vienna, 

 Zurich, &c. ) and as a lecturer on Italian art (chiefly 

 at Basel). His thorough knowledge of Italy, its 

 history and its art treasures, is brilliantly illus- 

 trated in his four guide-books to that country 

 'Oberitalien,' ' Mittelitalien,' 'Rom und die 

 Campagna,' ' Unteritalien und Sizilien ' which 

 are published as Meyer's Reisebiicher. Gsell-Fels 



has also published works on the baths and sanatoria 

 of Switzerland (2d ed. 1885), and Germany (1885), 

 and edited a guide-book on South France. 



Guadiaro, or OIL-BIRD (Steatornis caripensis), 

 a remarkable South American bird, with characters 

 which seem to unite it to owls and goatsuckers, but 

 differing from the latter in having a strong bill, 

 and being frugivorous. The food of the guacharo 

 consists of hard and dry fruits. It is about the size 

 of a common fowl ; the plumage brownish-gray, with 

 small black streaks and dots. The guacharo is a 

 nocturnal bird, a circumstance very singular among 



Guacharo (Steatornis caripensis). 



frugivorous birds. It spends the day in deep and 

 dank caverns, where great numbers congregate 

 and make their nests. It was first known from 

 Venezuela, but has since been discovered in Peru, 

 Trinidad, and elsewhere in the northern South 

 American region. Humboldt gives a most interest- 

 ing account, in his Personal Narrative, of a visit to 

 the great Guacharo Cavern in the valley of Caripe, 

 near Cumana. This cavern is visited once a year 

 for the sake of the fat of the young birds, which 

 are slaughtered in great numbers, and their fat 

 melted and stored for use as butter or oil. The 

 clarified fat is half liquid, transparent, inodorous, 

 and will keep for a year without becoming rancid. 



Guaco. See ARISTOLOCHIA. 



Gliadalaja'ra, ( 1 ) an old and decayed town of 

 Spain, capital of the province of the same name, 

 on the Henares, 35 miles NE. of Madrid by rail, 

 with some unimportant manufactures of flannel 

 and serge, and a royal college of engineering. Here 

 is the quaint, neglected palace of the Mendozas, 

 whose tombs, in the Panteon below the chapel of 

 San Francisco, were barbarously mutilated by the 

 French. Pop. 8524. The province occupies the 

 northern part of New Castile (see CASTILE), is in 

 the great central plain, and lias an area of 4870 

 sq. in., with a pop. of 203,000. (2) Capital of the 

 Mexican state of Jalisco, and the third city of the 

 republic, lies in a fertile valley by the Rio Grande de 

 Santiago, here crossed by a fine bridge of 26 arches, 

 280 miles WNW. of Mexico city, with which the 

 place is connected by rail. Though most of the 

 nouses are of only one story, the town presents a 

 pleasing appearance, with wide streets crossing at 

 right angles, numerous public squares, and a fine 

 shaded alameda ; there are several lines of tramway, 

 and water is supplied by an aqueduct over 20 miles 

 long. Guadalajara is the seat of an archbishop, 

 and possesses a handsome cathedral, besides the 

 government palace, a mint, university, hospitals, 

 and school of art. Its industries are important : it 

 is the chief seat of the cotton and woollen manu- 

 factures of the country ; and the Guadalajara 



