GUADALAVIAR 



GUAIACUM 



437 



ami iiM-iiil wares, like tin- confectionery, 

 a reputation all over Mc.xico. 1'op. (1895) 

 D5.UOO. 



Ciuadalaviar (am-. Turin), a river of east em 

 li;is ii-, sc.mre uriir that of tlio Tagus, in the 

 south -\\cst -'I Aragoii, and alter a course of 190 

 mil.--,, in a generally south-south-east direction, 

 falls into the Mediterranean at Grao, 1 inilo 

 below Valencia. In passing through the Iwautiful 

 Iliu ii.-i tie \ 'alcncia, it is divided, for purposes of 

 irrigation, into numerous channels. 



4ili;ulallllivir (Aral). H'//// l AV/>, 'the 

 liver; am-. Hit-tin), the most important river 

 of Spain, and the only one that, fed by the rains 

 in winter and the Sierra Nevada's melting snows in 

 summer, presents at all seasons a lull stream. It 

 in tln> Sierra de Ca/orla, in the east of the 

 pro\ince of .Jaen, Hows in a general south-west 

 direct ion through the provinces of Jaen, Cordova, 

 Seville, and, forming the boundary for about 10 

 miles between tlie provinces of Huelva and Cadix, 

 falls into tbe (Julf of Cadi/ at San Lucar de Barra- 

 ineda, after a course of .'574 miles. Strelhitsky 

 estimates its drainage area at 21,580 sq. in. The 

 principal towns on its banks are Cordova and 

 Seville, to the last of which, about 80 miles above 

 iis mouth, the river is navigable for steamers. 

 IJelow Seville it twice divides itself into two 

 branches, forming two islands the Isla Menor 

 and the Isla Mayor. Its chief affluents are the 

 Guadajo/ and the Jenil on the left, and the 

 Guadalimar and the Guadiato on the right. At 

 Montoro it breaks through the outlying spurs of 

 the central Sierra Morena in a series of rapids, 

 but its lower course is sluggish and dreary in 

 the extreme ; the stream itself is turbid and 

 muddy, and eats its way through an alluvial 

 level given up to herds of cattle and to water- 

 fowl. There are no villages in this district, which, 

 though favourable to animal and vegetable life, is 

 fatal to man; from the fever and ague caused by 

 the numerous swamps. During the equinoctial 

 rains the river rises sometimes 10 feet, and the 

 country is yearly Hooded as far up as Seville, to 

 which point the tide is noticeable. 



Gliadallipe Hidalgo, 5 miles by tramway 

 N. of Mexico city, is the chief place of pilgrimage, 

 and its brick cathedral the richest in all Mexico ; 

 for here is preserved a miraculous picture of a 

 brown Virgin, painted on a peasant's coarse cloak. 

 The treaty which ended the war with the United 

 States was signed here, 2d February 1848. 



4. n. i I Ho ii pc. one of the Lesser Antilles in the 

 WeM Indies, and the most important of those 

 which belong to France, lies about 77 miles N. by 

 W. of Martinique, and contains, including depend- 

 encies. 4!t4 sq. m.. with a pop. in 1895 of 168,000, 

 mostly blacks and mulattoes. It is divided into 

 Grande Tern- on the east, and Basse-Terre or 

 Guadeloupe proper on the west, by a strait of from 

 40 to 150 yards in width, which l>ears the name of 

 Siilt Itiver, and is navigable only for vessels of very 

 light tonnage. The nomenclature of the two 

 isl.mds appears curiously perverse, for Basse-Terre 

 is tin- loftier of the two, and Grande-Terre is the 

 smaller ; consequently the name Basse-Terre is now 

 generally applied solely to the capital (pop. 7600), 

 a town of officials mainly, in the south-west of the 

 island. Grande-Terre, generally low, is of coral 

 formation ; Bosso-Terre, on the contrary, is 

 traversed by volcanic mountains, which culminate 

 in La Soufriere ( the 'Sulphur Mine') at a height 

 of .~>197 feet. Earthquakes are frequent, and in 

 the towns the houses are now built of wood or 

 iron. The chief product of the island is sugar ; 

 coffee also is exported. The annual commerce, in- 

 cluding imports and exports (about equal) exceeds 



2,000,000; more than half of this trade in with 

 France. 1'oint -a I'itrc (q.v.) in the principal town 

 and port; Le Motile, on the eaxteni coaxt of 

 Granue-Terre, ha* HfMM) inhabitant*, and Grand- 

 Bourg, 011 Marie ( ialante, 7300. The colony in 

 administered by a governor, anointed by a general 

 council ; primary education in free and compuUory, 

 ami there L* a good ///< at Point-a-Pitre. The 

 dependencies of Guadelouite are the neighbouring 

 islets of I ti si iade, Marie ( ialante, and J, s Saint/on, 

 besides St-Barthelemy and part of St Martin to the 

 north-west. Guadeloupe was discovered by Col- 

 umbus in 1493, but it wan not till 1635 that it was 

 colonised by the French ; and after repeatedly 

 falling into the hands of Kngland, during her ware 

 with France, it wan at length permanently ceded 

 to the latter power in 1816. 



Ciliadiana (Arab. \\ mi, Ana, the anc. Ana*), 

 one of the five principal rivers of the Iberian 

 peninsula, formerly regarded as rising in the 

 desert Campo de Montiel, where a stream which 

 drains the small LagunaH de Kuidera flows north- 

 west and disappears within a few miles of the 

 Zancara. It was long believed that this stream 

 reappeared in a number of springs and lakes that 

 rise some 22 miles to the nouth-west, known as the 

 Oj'os ( ' Eyes ' ) of the Guadiana, and connected by 

 a small stream with the Zancara ; but it has now 

 been ascertained that the waters which disappear 

 higher up find a short underground way to the Zan- 

 cara, which is therefore the true Upper Guadiana. 

 Rising in the east of the plateau of La Mancha, 

 it Hows at first south and west to the Ojos, below 

 which point it receives the name of the Guadiana. 

 It follows a sinuous westerly course as far as Bada- 

 joz, then bends southward, forms for some miles 

 the boundary between Spain and Portugal, and 

 flows through part of the province of Alemtejo, re- 

 turning to form the frontier again, until it empties 

 into the Gulf of Cadiz. It is about 510 miles in 

 length, hut is navigable only for about 42 miles. 

 Its chief affluents are the Jabalon, Zujar, Mata- 

 chel, Ardila, and Chanza, all on the left. 



Gliaiacillll* a genus of trees of the natural 

 order ZygophyllacetP, natives of the tropical parts 

 of America. The flowers have a 5-partite calyx, 

 five petals, ten stamens, and a tapering style ; the 

 fruit is a capsule, 5-angled and 5-celIed, or the 

 cells by abortion fewer, one seed in each cell. The 

 trees of this genus are remarkable for the hardness 

 and heaviness of their wood, known variously as 

 Liyniim Vitce, as Guaiacum-wood, and as Brazil- 

 wood ; as well as for their peculiar resinous pro- 

 duct, Guaiacum, often but incorrectly called a 

 gum. The species to which the commercial Lignum 

 VitiB and Guaiacum are commonly referred is G. 

 officinale, a native of some of the West India 

 islands, and of some of the continental parts of 

 America ; a tree 30 or 40 feet high, leaves abruptly 

 pinnate, with two or three pairs of ovate, obtuse, 

 and perfectly smooth leaflets, pale blue flowers in 

 small clusters, which are succeeded by compressed 

 roundish berries, a furrowed bark, ana generally a 

 crooked stem and knotty branches. It seems prob- 

 able, however, that other species, as well as this, 

 supply part of the guaiacum-wood and resin of 

 commerce. At present they are obtained chiefly 

 from Cuba, Jamaica, and St Domingo. The wood 

 is imported in billets about 3 feet long and 1 

 foot in diameter, of a greenish-brown colour. This 

 is the colour of the heart- wood ; the sap-wood is 



Sale yellow. Guaiacum-wood is remarkable for the 

 irection of its fibres, each layer of which c rococo 

 the preceding diagonally ; annual rings are scarcely 

 to be oliserved, and the pith is extremely smalL 

 It sinks in water. It is much valued, and used for 

 many purposes, chiefly by turners ; ships' blocks, 



