crnr.io 



GUELDEELAND 



440 



patriarch of the family died at WhitHtone, having 

 spent the decline <f liis days in an ll cider cask. 

 After tlio death of tlie grandmother, about 1860, 

 tin- t.-imily ^'ot into dillim I ties of one sort or another, 

 and were dispersed. 



Cillbbio (anc. Iguvinin or Kitguliiinn), a city 

 c.i mitral Italy, o'n tlie south-western declivity 

 of ill.- Apennines, -'<> miles NNK. of Pengfe 

 It lias a Kith century cathedral, seven] medieval 

 palaces- the Brancaleoui with a valuable picture- 

 gallcrv and remains of an ancient theatre. The 

 celebrated Kuguhine Tables (<|.v.) are preserved 

 in tlie town lions.-. Cuhhio was noted for its 

 majolica \\are, which was brought to perfection 

 by Gior-io Audreoli in 1517-37, by his delicate 

 II-.- of a beautiful ruby lustre. Two celebrated 

 yellow lustres were also used on Gubbio majolica. 

 A few factories still imitate the medieval fayence. 

 From a town of 30,000 inhabitants, it has dwindled 

 to 6540 since its incorporation in the duchy of 

 Urbino in 1384. 



Gllbeil, a manufacturing town and river- port 

 of Prussia, in the province of Brandenburg, at the 

 lit-H.l of the navigable portion of the Neisse, 28 

 mil.-s S. of Frankfort-ontthe-Oder. The principal 

 staples are hats and cloth. There are also wool 

 spinning, tanning, machine factories, &c. The 

 town was destroyed by the Hussites in 1434 and 

 1437, and was twice occupied by the Swedes during 

 the Thirty Years' War. Pop. ( 1875 ) 23,738 ; ( 1885 ) 

 27,086; (1890) '29,328. 



Gllberiiatis ANGELO DE, an eminent Italian 

 orientalist and busy litterateur, who was born at 

 Turin, April 7, 1840. He studied at the university 

 there, and afterwards at Berlin under Bopp and 

 Weber ; and was appointed extra-ordinary professor 

 of Sanskrit at Florence in 1863, and ordinary pro- 

 fessor in 18<i9. Becoming attracted by the wild 

 socialistic dreams of Bakunin, he left his chair in 

 order to be more free, and married Bakunin 's niece ; 

 but a closer acquaintance with subversive social- 

 ism soon restored him to his reason. He became a 

 candidate anew for his chair, and after some not 

 unnatural hesitation was re-elected. His earliest 

 works were mostly contributions to Sanskrit 

 scholarship, alternating with incessant contribu- 

 tions to his own and to others' journals. He made 

 his reputation European by his Zoological Myth- 

 ology (Lond. 1872), a work hopelessly marred 

 by rashness in speculation, but yet serviceable ; 

 Storia compurata degli ttsi Natalici (1872), Storia 

 connmrata degli usi Funebri (1873), Mitologia 

 Veaica (1875), Storia dei Viagaiatori Italiani nelle 

 Iinlie orientali (1875), Mytnologie des Plantes 

 ( P;iris, 1878), Lettcre sopra I'Archceologia Indiana 

 ( I ss I ), and Lettere sopra la Mitologia comparata 

 (isxi). In the region of biography and literary 

 history he has published Ricordi biographici ( 1873 ), 

 the great Dizinnnrio biografico degli Scrittori con- 

 t'ln/xtranei ( 1879-80) ; monographs upon Giovanni 

 1'rati, Man/oni, and others; and finally Manuale 

 t/i .ittiria della Litteratura Indiana ( 1882), and the 

 ponderous Storia vniversale della Litteratura ( 15 

 vols. 1882 85). De Gubernatis has shown pheno- 

 menal industry and many-sidedness, and has made 

 real contributions to learning, but he must not be 

 taken too seriously as a mythologist. He became 

 professor of Sanskrit at Rome in 1891. 



Gudgeon (Gobio), a genus of small, carp-like 

 ( Cyprinoid ) fishes common in the fresh waters of 

 Europe. The dorsal fin is short, without a spine ; 

 the mouth is direct ml downwards, and has little 

 barbules at the angles ; the scales are of moderate 

 size ; and there are two rows of hooked pharyngeal 

 teeth. The common gudgeon ( G. finviattlis ), which 

 alMHinds in many English rivers, especially in those 

 that run o-er gravel, is a small fish rarely exceed- 



ing s in. 'lies in length, with upjK-r parU olive-brown, 

 Knotted with black, and the under pan- white. 

 The gudgeons swim in shoals, and, like the barbels, 

 feed on worms, molluscs, and other small animals. 



The Common Gudgeon (Gobio fluviatilit). 



Angling for gudgeon requires no art, so readily are 

 the fish lured. Though small, the fish are esteemed 

 for the table. Besides the British gudgeon, which 

 is widely distributed on the Continent, there is only 

 another species (G. uranoscopus), also European, 

 but apparently restricted to the river-basins of the 

 Danube and Dniester; allied genera occur in the 

 East. 



Glldriin, or KUDRUN, an old German epic, 

 built up out of the popular songs and traditions of 

 the seafaring folk woo dwelt on the shores of the 

 North Sea between Elbe and Seine. It relates the 

 history of three generations* of the kings of the 

 Hegelings (Frisians), and in the third part tells 

 how Gudrun, the daughter of Hettel, king of the 

 Hegelings, was carried off' from her home by Hoch- 

 mut, son of the king of Normandy, how she pre- 

 ferred to work like the lowest maidservant in the 

 house of Hochmut's mother, and endure the greatest 

 indignities, rather than break her troth pledged to 

 Herwig, king of Zealand, and how finally she was 

 rescued by her brother and her betrothed. This 

 poem, which has been entitled the German Odyssey, 

 as the Nibelungenlied is sometimes called the Ger- 

 man Iliad, was written, or rather arranged and 

 edited, by an unknown poet in Austria, in all 

 probability in the end of the 12th century. The 

 best editions are by Karl Bartsch (4th ed~. 1880), 

 Martin (1872), and Symons (1883); and the best 

 translations into modern High German by Simrock 

 (8th ed. 1873) and Weitbrecht ( 1884). ' 



Zoroaster. The name Guebres is supposed to have 

 been first bestowed upon this sect by their Arabic 

 conquerors in the 7th century ; they are also known 

 as Parsees (q.v.). See also PERSIA, ZOROASTER. 



Guebwiller. See GEBWEILER. 



Glielderland (Geldern, Gelderland), a pro- 

 vince of the Netherlands, is situated between the 

 Zuider Zee on the north-west and the Prussian 

 dominions on the south-east. It has an area of 

 1957 so. in., and a pop. (1896) of 548,748, two- 

 thirds Protestants. It is watered chiefly by the 

 Meuse, the Yssel, the Rhine, and the Waal. The 

 surface is undulating, and about Arnheim, the 

 capital, and Nimeguen are the most picturesque dis- 

 tricts in the Netherlands. The climate is healthy, 

 and the soil, though very unequal, is on the whole 

 good ; the southern district, Betnwe (see BATAVI), 

 is one of the most fertile tracts in Europe. Agri- 

 culture is prosecuted with great success. Wheat, 

 rye, buckwheat, toliacco, &c. are extensively 

 grown. Among the manufactures, beet-sugar, 

 spirits, bricks and tiles, paper, and cotton goods 

 are the principal. The duchy of Gueldres or 

 Guelderland was more extensive than the modern 

 Dutch province, stretching southwards along the 

 Meuse to beyond Venlo. It was originally in- 

 habited by the Batavi and Sigambri, and after 



