CJI'KKriNO 



(;n:i:\si;v 



447 



wh.it were but names, tlie meaning of whicli few 

 of tlirni rcniM mnlci-Miiil MI explain ; and, in the 

 following century, in 1334, Item-diet XII. practically 

 clUillmxc.l altogether tin- I'e.-iliiy of the grounds of 

 di\ision between tin- parties, \>\ prOMfiouur. under 

 pain of tin- ccn-mvs ui ihc church, the furthei ii ' 

 di tho.se once stirring names, which had long been 

 tli- rallying words ofa pitiless warfare. From the 

 14th century we read little more of Guelphs or ( iliih- 

 HineB aft actually existing parties; but in the sense 

 ali'-ady explained the conllici of principles which 

 they represent is found in every period of history, 

 llryce, The lloli/ Itnnutu Km/lire (9th ed. 1888); 

 ti-i-,-ir Browning. Ovefpfu nrtd Uhibellines (1893). 



The reigning family of Great Britain occupy the 

 throne in virtue of the Act of Settlement of 1701, 

 whicli made Sophia, daughter of Frederick, elector 

 Palatine, and of Eliza)>eth, daughter of James I. of 

 England, heiress of the English crown. Sophia 

 married Ernest Augustus, Duke of Hanover, the 

 fourth son of George, Duke of Brunswick- Liine- 

 burg, a direct descendant of the prince of Guelph 

 blood in whose favour Frederick II. created the 

 duchy of Brunswick-Luneburg in 1235. See HAN- 

 OVER, 



Gliercino. ' the squint-eyed," properly GlAN- 

 I'i: VXCESCO BARBIERI, a painter of the Bolognese 

 school, was born 2d February 1590, at Cento, not 

 far from Bologna. His earliest studies in painting 

 were made in his native town ; then from 1619 to 

 1623 he visited different cities of Italy, particularly 

 Koine and Venice, to improve himself in his art. 

 In 1642 he went to live at Bologna, where he became 

 the head of a flourishing school of painting, and 

 there he died 22d December 1666. Guercino's early 

 paintings show perceptible signs of L. Caracci's and 

 Caravaggio's influence. Later in life he softened 

 the harshness of his light and shade contrasts by 

 more harmonious colouring in Guido Reni's style. 

 He left a very large number of pictures. His 

 masterpieces are considered to be the fresco of 

 ' Aurora,' in the Villa Ludovisi ; the ' Death of 

 Dido,' in the Spada Palace ; and ' Saint Petronilla,' 

 in the Capitoline Gallery, all three at Rome. 



Gnericke, HEINRICH ERNST FERDINAND 

 (1803-78), a theologian belonging to the Old 

 Lutheran school, was professor at Halle, and author 

 of a well-known Handbuch der Kirchengeschichte 

 (1853 ; 9th ed. 1866-67) ; of a Christlicke Symbolik 

 ( 1839 ; 3d ed. 1861 ) ; and of a Lehrbuch der Christ- 

 lichen Archdologie (1847 ; 2d ed. 1889). 



Guericke, OTTO VON, a celebrated physicist, 

 was born at Magdeburg, in Prussian Saxony, 20th 

 November 1602. His personal history contains 

 nothing of interest. As a natural philosopher he 

 is chiefly known by his experiments regarding the 

 nature and effects of air, his discovery of the air- 

 pump (1650), and of the Magdeburg Hemispheres 

 (q.v.). He made also some notable observations in 

 electricity. He was for a time engineer in the 

 Swedish army, and afterwards Burgermeister of 

 Magdeburg. He died at Hamburg, llth May 

 1686. 



<>ii<Tillas. the name given to armed bands 

 who, on occasion of foreign invasion or civil war, 

 carry on an irregular warfare on their own account. 

 Tliis class of fighters belong peculiarly to Spain, 

 where from 1808 to 1814 they were systematically 

 organised against the French, whose operations 

 they very seriously embarrassed. The country itself 

 also suffered from them. Manv of them, particu- 

 larly Mina's hand, joined Wellington, and, after 

 having undergone a course of discipline, rendered 

 signal service as regular troops. On the conclusion 

 of peace large numbers were organised into robber- 

 bands. In most of the civil ware of Spain since 

 1820 guerilla warfare, especially in the Basque pro- 



vinces, has played a prominent part. See 



r.iin. ANUS. 



Giilrin, GEORGES MAURICE DE, a young poet 

 of exceptional genius, wan born at the chateau of 

 Le Cay la in Languedoc, 4th August 1810, and wa 

 educated for the church at a Toulouse seminary 

 and the College Stanislas, Paris, after which he 

 entered the community gathered together by 

 Lamennais at La Chesnaye in Brittany, but 

 followed his master in his estrangement from liomi? 

 and renounced his novitiate in October 1833. He 

 next went to Paris to try journalism, and became 

 a teacher at the College Stanislas, but married a 

 rich Creole lady in Novemlnjr 1838, and entered 

 on a new life of rest and happiness, which was 

 cut short by his untimely deatli of consumption, 

 19th July 1839. An article by George Sand in the 

 Revue des Deux Mondes (May 15, 1840) first drew 

 attention to his genius : his Helta nias, including the 

 Centaur (a kind of prose poem ), letters, and poems, 

 were published in 1860, edited by G. S. Trebutien, 

 with a critical notice by Sainte-Beuve. In the 

 words of the latter, ' no French poet or painter has 

 rendered so well the feeling for nature the feeling 

 not so much for details as for the ensemble and the 

 divine universality, the feeling for the origin of 

 things and the sovereign principle of life. ' EU<;KN I K 

 DE GUERIN, his sister ( 1805-48), had something of 

 her brother's genius grafted upon a profound and 

 mystical religion, and devoted herself with more 

 than sisterly devotion to his memory. Her own 

 Journals were published in 1861; her Lettres, in 

 1864. Both were translated into English. 



See Sainte-Beuve, Cauteries du Luiidi (vol. xii.) and 

 Nouveaux Limdis (voL iii) ; Marelle, Eugenie et Maurice 

 DeGuerin( Berlin, 1869); Harriet Parr, M. and E. DC 

 Guerin, a Monograph (1870); and Matthew Arnold's 

 Essays in Criticism (1865). 



Giie'rin, PIERRE NARCISSE, BARON, French 

 painter, was born at Paris, 13th May 1774. A 

 pupil of Regnault's, he first attracted notice by 

 his 'Marcus Sextus' (1799), the first of a series of 

 classic subjects, skilfully treated, but showing 

 something of melodramatic effect. After a visit 

 to Rome and Italy in 1802, he settled in Paris. 

 From 1822 to 1829 he was director of the French 

 Academy of Painting in Rome, and he died there 

 on 6th July 1833. Amongst his pupils were Geri- 

 cault, Delacroix, and Ary Scheffer. 



Guernsey, the second in size of the Channel 

 Islands (q.v.). It is about 30 miles in circumfer- 

 ence, and 28 sq. m. in area. Pop ( 1861 ) 29,805 ; 

 (1881) 32,638; (1891) 35,287 with Herm and 

 Jethou. The lowest part is to the north ( L'Ancresse ), 

 the highest to the south (Haut Nez) being 349 feet 

 above sea-level. St Peter Port, the only town, 

 has a good harbour, open at all tides ; there is 

 a large public school, founded 1563, and named 

 after Queen Elizabeth ; a fine church, dating from 

 the 13th century, which has been well restored ; 

 a library with museum and lecture-rooms due to 

 the beneficence of Messrs Guille and Alles ; and 

 another at Candie House, founded by the late 

 O. de B. Priaulx. There is also a good public 

 market, a ladies' college, poor-house, and lunatic 

 asylum. Guernsey consists entirely of primitive 

 rock covered with gmval and a surface of sandy 

 loam. The climate is equable and favourable to 

 the growtli of fruit, flowers, and vegetables. Two- 

 thirds of the island are under cultivation, and great 

 quantities of fruit and vegetables are exported to 

 England, as is also a hard gray granite much used 

 in building. It is 127 miles from Land's End, 109 

 from Falmouth, 113 from Southampton, 69 from 

 Start Point. Steamers to England daily, Sundays 

 excepted. Taxation is light ; the annual revenue of 

 the bailiwick which includes Alderney and Sark 



