448 



GUERRAZZI 



GUEUX 



is 30,000, derived from harbour-dues, excise, 

 market-dues, and sundry other sources. The island 

 is divided into ten parishes, each administered by 

 a douzaine of twelve ratepayers. There is a separ- 

 ate lieutenant-governor for Guernsey appointed 

 by the crown, and the constitution is similar to 

 that of Jersey (q.v. ), but more oligarchic. It is 

 said that there are no moles or reptiles in the 

 island. 



Guerrazzi, FRANCESCO DOMENICO, Italian 

 patriot and brilliant writer, was born at Leghorn,. 

 12bh August 1804, and, educated for the legal pro- 

 fession, won a great reputation among his country- 

 men by his political fictions, which exercised an 

 immense influence on contemporary Italian events 

 by their exalted strain of patriotic enthusiasm. 

 Guerrazzi's own words are, ' he wrote a book when 

 impotent to fight a battle.' On the eve of the de- 

 finite breach between the people and the Grand-duke 

 of Tuscany in 1849, Guerrazzi was induced to accept 

 office in the ministry. On the flight of the Grand- 

 duke he was proclaimed member of the provisional 

 government, and subsequently dictator. During 

 this crisis of the state he energetically refused his 

 adhesion to ' the substitution of republicanism for 

 monarchy ; ' and preserved the strict autonomy of 

 Tuscany until the return of the grand-ducal rule. 

 Then he was immediately seized and imprisoned on 

 the grounds of having neglected due measures of 

 repression when the revolution first gathered 

 strength during his ministry. His defence, entitled 

 Apologia della vita Politico, di F. D. Guerrazzi 

 ( 1857 ), is a masterpiece. After an imprisonment of 

 three years, he was condemned for life to the 



galleys, but was subsequently permitted to select 

 orsica as the refuge of his perpetual banishment. 

 Restored to liberty and action by later events, 

 Guerrazzi sat in the parliament of Turin in 1862 

 and 1865. He died 23d September 1873. His chief 

 works of fiction are La nattaglia di Benevento, 

 remarkable for exquisite expression and beautiful 

 poetic imagery ( 1827, fifty times reprinted ) ; L'As- 

 sedio di Firenze, a magnificent historical novel, 

 treating of the downfall of the republic of Florence 

 (1836, more than thirty times reprinted); Isabella 

 Orsini (1844); Beatrice Cenci (1854); L'Asino 

 (1857). There are works on Guerrazzi by Cerona 

 (1873), Fenini (1873), and Bosio (1877); and Car- 

 ducci has edited his Letters (2 vols. Leghorn, 

 1880-82). 



Guerre'ro, a southern state of Mexico, on the 

 Pacific, with an area of 22,863 sq. m. It is a 

 broken mountainous country, rich in minerals, 

 fertile in the upland valleys, and enjoying a 

 favourable climate except on the coast. Pop. 

 (1895) 417,621. Capital, Chilpancingo (6000); 

 chief port, Acapuleo (q.v.). 



Giiesclin, BERTRAND DU, Constable of France, 

 was born of an ancient family near Dinan in the 

 district of Rennes, about either 1314 or 1320. From 

 his boyhood upwards he excelled in all martial 

 exercises. In the contests between Charles de 

 Blois and Jean de Montfort for the dukedom of 

 Brittany he took part with the former, especially 

 distinguishing himself at Vannes (1342). After 

 King John had been taken prisoner by the Black 

 Prince at the battle of Poitiers in 1356, Du 

 Guesclin contended successfully against the English, 

 his valour and military skill being especially 

 shown at Rennes (1356) and Dinan (1357). Then, 

 entering the service of the Dauphin, afterwards 

 Charles V. , he took Melun ( 1359 ) and several 

 other fortified towns, and freed the Seine from the 

 English. On Charles's accession to the throne in 

 1364 Du Guesclin was created governor of Pont- 

 orson, and in May of the same year gained the battle 

 of Cocherel against Charles the Bad of Navarre. 



But on the 29th September following he was de- 

 feated and taken prisoner by the English, under Sir 

 John Chandos, at the battle of Auray, and only 

 liberated on payment of a ransom of 100,000 livres. 

 He next supported Henry, Count of Trastamare, 

 against Pedro the Cruel, king of Castile, but was 

 defeated and taken prisoner by the Black Prince 

 near Najera (1367). Being again ransomed on 

 payment of a large sum, Du Guesclin renewed the 

 contest, and in 1369 defeated and captured Pedro 

 at Montiel, and placed the crown of Castile on the 

 head of Henry of Trastamare. Immediately after- 

 wards he was recalled by Charles V. of France, at 

 that time hard pressed by the English, and was 

 raised to the dignity of Constable of France. In 

 the year 1370 Du Guesclin opened his campaigns 

 against the English, and in a few years the whole 

 of their possessions were in the hands of the 

 French, with the exception of a few fortified 

 towns. While assisting at the siege of Chateau- 

 neuf de Randon, in Languedoc, Du Guesclin was 

 taken ill, and died July 13, 1380. See Lives of him 

 by Guyard de Berville (1767; new ed. 1882), 

 Jamison (1863), Luce (1883), and Postel (1893). 



Guess, GEORGE. See CHEROKEES. 



Guest, EDWIN, a learned antiquary, born in 

 1800, entered Cains College, Cambridge, in 1819, 

 was eleventh wrangler in the Mathematical Tripos 

 of 1824, and was thereafter elected to a fellowship. 

 He was called to the bar, but did not practise, and 

 early gave himself to antiquarian and literary 

 studies. The only book he published was his well- 

 known History of English Rhythms ( 1838 ; 2d ed. 

 revised by Professor Skeat, 1882) a work of great 

 erudition, and written, moreover, before the era of 

 good editions of old English poetry had begun. 

 His frequent papers on the early history of Roman 

 and Saxon England and the English were printed 

 in the Arch(KoLogical Journal and the Transactions 

 of the Archaeological Institute and other learned 

 institutions, and earned the praises of scholars so 

 critical as Mr Freeman. These were collected 

 posthumously, filling the second volume of Origines 

 Celticce (a fragment), and other Contributions to 

 the History of Britain (2 vols. 1883). The first 

 volume was devoted to the Celts and their ethno- 

 logical and philological affinities ; but, truth to 

 tell, this work, laborious as it is, was conceived in 

 a pre-scientific spirit, and its elaborate etymologies 

 are valueless. In 1852 Guest succeeded Dr 

 Chapman as Master of Caius College, Cambridge, 

 and next year received the degree of LL.D. He 

 became F.R.S. in 1841, and was Vice-chancellor 

 of the university in 1854. He resigned the master- 

 ship but a few weeks before his death, which took 

 place on November 23, 1880. 



Gueux, or 'The Beggars,' the name assumed 

 by the confederated nobles and other malcontents 

 who opposed the introduction of the Inquisition 

 into the Low Countries by Philip II. of Spain. 

 Forming themselves into an association, November 

 1565, they presented, on 5th April following, a 

 formal protest to the regent, Margaret of Parma. 

 Their distinctive party name they adopted from 

 an abusive epithet applied to them on that occasion 

 by one of Margaret's courtiers. The 'beggars,' 

 who represented the national feeling of the country, 

 maintained a long and vigorous contest against 

 the despotic proceedings of Philip and his advisers, 

 but were ultimately compelled to succumb to 

 superior force. A branch of them, 'the Beggars 

 of the Sea,' under the leadership of the bold Count 

 de la Marck, seriously harassed the Spanish fleet, 

 captured transports with supplies for Alva's army, 

 seized several fortresses, and succoured besieged 

 places along the coast. Their capture of Briel in 

 April 1572 was the beginning of the war which 



