GUIANA 



GUIDEBOOKS 



451 



having increased in value from 2079 in 1876 to 

 JL!H),461 in 1886, and 132,400 in 1893, though 

 ]>inli:ilily one-fourth more is smuggled out of the 

 colony. In the year 1887 new discoveries of gold 

 \\.-n- made in the district between the rivers 

 Tapanahoni and Awa, the region, some 8000 mi. m. 

 in extent, which is in dispute between Holland 

 ;unl France. Trade is carried on principally with 

 Holland, the United States, and Great Britain and 

 her dependencies. There is a governor, a supreme 

 council of five (all nominated), and a partly elected 

 colonial assembly. The population, which is very 

 heterogeneous, in 1894 numbered 62,649, of whom 

 ii. arly one-half live at Paramaribo (q.v. ) the 

 capital. In 1884 the total was given at 52,978. 

 Besides these there were about 4000 Bush Negroes 

 i.e. negroes who escaped during slavery times 

 and subsequently asserted their independence 

 and l'J(X) Indians. As in British Guiana, labour 

 i* principally performed by coolies from British 

 [noia and by Chinese, The colony is divided into 

 eight administrative districts and the town of 

 Paramaribo, and is under the charge of a governor, 

 assisted by an executive council. The members 

 of the provincial estates, the legislative body, are 

 elected by the people. Slavery was abolished in 

 is.;:;. 



FRENCH GUIANA, or CAYENNE, is separated from 

 Dutch Guiana on the west by the Maroni, from 

 Brazil on the south by the Tumuc-Humac Moun- 

 tains, and from the same country on the east by 

 the Oyapock, although the French claim all the 

 coastal districts as far south as the Amazons. The 

 treaty boundary is the ' river of Vicente Pinzon,' 

 the identity of which is the point in dispute ; the 

 French government, however, in 1856 expressed 

 itself as willing to recognise the Araguary as the 

 treaty stream. The north and north-east sides of 

 the colony are washed by the Atlantic. Taking the 

 Oyapock as the provisionally accepted boundary, 

 the area of the colony is about 31,000 sq. m., whilst 

 the length of coast- line is about 240 miles ; the 

 area, as officially given, is 46,850 sq. m. The 

 coast is not so uniformly low and regular as in 

 British and Dutch Guiana. Cayenne (q.v.), the 

 capital of the colony, stands on a rocky promon- 

 tory, and a little farther to the north-west lie the 

 Safety Islands (lies de Salut), behind which is the 

 best roadstead in the colony. The undulating, 

 heavily-timbered savannah region is crossed by 

 one or two ranges of granite hills, nowhere exceed- 

 ing 2600 feet in height. The culminating ridge, 

 the Tumuc-Humac Mountains, only rises 1000 feet 

 higher. The more important rivers, which all flow 

 into the Atlantic, are the Maroni, Mana, Sinna- 

 mary, Kourou, Approuague, and Oyapock. 



The commerce is almost nil, the only exports 

 being cocoa and arnotto ( roucou ), each to the ex- 

 tent of about 750,000 Ib. annually. A little coffee 

 is grown. (Jold is mined, however, and something 

 like a value of 200,000 is annually exported; 

 perhaps half as much again is smuggled out of the 

 country. The total exports, exclusive of gold, have 

 a value of some 20,000, and the imports of some 

 400,000. The colony costs the mother-country 

 250,000 a year. The population of the entire 

 colony, exclusive of some mountain tribes, only 

 amounted to 26,000 more than half in Cayenne in 

 1895, and is slowly but surely diminishing; the 

 marriages of people of European blood show great 

 sterility, and infant mortality is large. The 

 prevailing diseases of the swampy coast-lands are 

 malarial fever, dysentery, amemia, and yellow fever. 

 From 1853 to 1864 an attempt was made to found 

 penal colonies in French Guiana, all of which proved 

 disastrous, partly owing to the unhealthinesa of the 

 climate, and partly to the harsh and ill-devised 

 regulations in force for the management of the 



penitentiaries. The immigrant criminals now come 

 (since 1864) exclusively from Africa (Arab* and 

 negroes) and Asia ( Annamite*). Slavery wag 

 abolished in 1848. 



Bibliography. Of liritixh Guiana : Hartxinck, lieschrij- 

 viny van Guiana (1770); H. H. Schomburgk, Uetcrip- 

 tion of British Guiana (1840), Reizen in Guiana, 

 1835-39 (1841), and paper* in Oeog. Journ. (1836-44); 

 Richard Hchomburgk, Iteizen in Britisch-Guiana, 184/^44 

 ( 1848 ) ; Dalton, History of British Guiana ( 1865 ) ; C. B. 

 Brown and J. G. Sawkirm, Geological Survey of Brit. <ln. 

 (1875); Boddani Whetham, Koraima and Brit. ''. 

 (1879); Ini Thurn, Antony the Indians of Gu. (1883); 

 Bronkhurat, Brit. Gu. (1883) ; Netscher, Geschiedenis van 

 Essequebo, Demerary, en Berbice (1888); Red way, The 

 History of British Guiana (3vols. Georgetown, 1891-94), 

 and his Handbook of British Guiana (1893). Of Dutch 

 Guiana: Palgrave, Dutch Gu. (1876); and Kappler, 

 Surinam (1887). Of French Guiana : Crevaux, in Bull. 

 Soc. Geoff. (1878) ; Nibaut, Gu. Franco. (1882) ; work* 

 on the French colonies by Vignon (1885), Rambaud 

 (1886), Lanessan (1886), Henrique (6 vols. 1889-90), 

 Gaffarelli (1893), and Petit (1894); Coudreau, in Bull. 

 Soc. Geog. de VEst (1886-87) and Rev. de Geoff. (1888). 

 See also Annals of Guiana ( 1888), by Redway and Watt ; 

 and Kaart van Guiana, by W. L. Loth ( Amsterdam, 1889). 



Guiana Bark, FRENCH, the bark of Port- 

 landia hexandra, also called Couteria speciosa, a 

 tree of the natural order Cinchonaceae, with 

 opposite ovate leaves, and corymbs of very large 

 purple flowers, a native of Guiana. The bark 

 is esteemed a very powerful febrifuge, and the 

 value of Warburg's Fever Drops is believed to 

 depend mainly upon it. 



Guicciardini, FRANCESCO, an Italian states- 

 man and historian, was born of noble parentage at 

 Florence in 1483. The combined studies of law 

 and literature engrossed his attention at first; and 

 at the age of twenty-three he was elected professor 

 of Law at Florence, where he also practised as an 

 advocate. But his real field was diplomacy and 

 statesmanship, as understood at that time in Italy 

 the diplomacy and statesmanship of Macchia- 

 velli. His apprenticeship served in Spain ( 1512- 

 14), he became papal ruler of Modena and Reggio 

 (from 1515) under Leo X. and Clement VII., and 

 afterwards of Parma (1521), the Romagna (1523), 

 and Bologna (1531 ). Retiring from the service of 

 the pope in 1534, he was mainly instrumental in 

 securing the election of Cosmo de' Medici as duke 

 of his native city, Florence. But, being dis- 

 appointed in his ambitious design of acting as 

 mayor of the palace to this young prince, Guicci- 

 ardini withdrew to Arcetri, and busied himself, till 

 his death in 1540, with the composition of a great 

 work, Storia d 1 Italia, a dispassionate and coldly 

 analytical history of Italy between 1494 and 1532. 

 This work was edited by Rosini in 10 vols. ( Pisa, 

 1819). In 1857-67 there appeared at Florence, in 

 10 vols., the Opere Inedite of Guicciardini, contain- 

 ing Ricordi Politici, a series of aphorisms on poli- 

 tical philosophy ; Reggimento di ftrenze, a discourse 

 on the forms of government suited for an Italian 

 state ; and Storta Fiorentina. See Edinburgh 

 Review (1869); and Gioda, Guicciardini e le sue 

 opere inedite (Milan, 1880). His Maxims were 

 translated into English by N. H. Thomson in 1890. 

 , Guicowar ( Gaikwar or Gdehcdr), the designa- 

 tion of a powerful Mahratta prince, ruler of the 

 state of Baroda (q.v.) in Gujarat. Pilaji, who 

 became Guicowar in 1721, by predatory excursions 

 gradually acquired authority over Gujarat; and 

 his son Damiiji ultimatelythrew off his allegiance 

 to the Peishwa. Malhar Rao, installed in 1871, 

 was in 1873 accused of attempting to poison the 

 British Resident, tried, and deposed. See BARODA. 

 Guidebooks. When in 1829 Mr John Murray 

 began that series of travels, personal observations, 

 :in<! private studies which issued in 1836 in hi* 



