458 



GTJINEGATE 



GUISE 



Linn. Trans. (1863); also the writings of Owen, 

 Cobbold, and Bastian. 



Guinegate, a village of Hainault, Belgium, 

 where the French were twice defeated. ( 1 ) On 17th 

 August 1479 they were beaten by Maximilian I. of 

 Austria; (2) on'l6th August 1513 by Henry VIII. 

 and the Emperor Maximilian. This battle was called 

 the Battle of the Spurs the French knights having 

 made more use of their spurs than of their swords. 



Gullies, formerly GuiSNES, a small town (pop. 

 3800) 8 miles S. of Calais, was the scene of 'the 

 Field of the Cloth of Gold ' (see HENRY vni.). 



Guinevere. See ARTHUR. 



Guingainp, a French town in Cdtes-du-Nord, 

 on the Trieux, 74 miles E. of Brest, was formerly 

 the capital of the duchy of Penthievre. Hence the 

 word Gingham (q.v.). Pop. 8744. 



Guinness, SIR BENJAMIN LEE, Bart. (1798- 

 1868), was a member of the great brewing firm in 

 Dublin established by Arthur Guinness in 1759. 

 The business, the largest in the world, was made a 

 limited liability company in 1886, with a capital of 

 6,000,000, employs nearly 3000 persons, and its 

 premises cover 42 acres. Sir Benjamin, M.P. 

 for Dublin in 1865-68, and a baronet from 1867, 

 restored St Patrick's cathedral at his own cost 

 (140,000). His eldest son, Arthur Edward, 

 became Lord Ardilaun in 1880. His third son, 

 EDWARD CECIL, born 10th November 1847, created 

 a baronet in 1885 and a peer (Baron Iveagh) in 

 1891, placed in the hands 01 responsible trustees in 

 1889 tne sum of 250,000, to be spent in providing 

 sanitary dwellings for workmen at a low rent, 

 200,000 to be given to London and the rest to 

 Dublin. The income derived from the use of the 

 capital sum is to be devoted to the same purpose. 



GlliplIZCOa, the smallest but the most densely 

 peopled of the Basque provinces on the Bay of 

 Biscay. The mountains are wooded, the climate 

 good, minerals are largely produced, and there is a 

 good deal of manufacturing industry soap, pianos, 

 carriages, carpets, iron, paper. The capital is San 

 Sebastian. Area, 728 sq. m. ; pop. (1887) 181,856. 

 For the people, see BASQUES. 



Gllisborougll, a market-town of the North 

 Riding of Yorkshire, 9 miles by rail ESE. of 

 Middlesborough, lies at the foot of the.Cleveland 

 Hills, in the midst of the iron-mining district. The 

 earliest alum-works in England were established 

 here about the year 1600. "Here too are the re- 

 mains of a priory built in 1119 by Robert de Brus, 

 and at the time of the Reformation one of the 

 wealthiest monastic institutions in the kingdom. 

 Pop. ( 1851 ) 2062 ; ( 1881 ) 6616 ; ( 1891 ) 5623. 



Guiseard, ROBERT, Duke of Apulia and Cala- 

 bria, the sixth of the twelve sons of Tancred de 

 Hauteville, was born near Coutances in Normandy 

 about 1015. Following in the wake of his elder 

 brothers, he won great renown in south Italy as a 

 soldier, and after the death of William and Hum- 

 phrey was proclaimed Count of Apulia. Guiseard 

 nex:t captured Reggio and Cosenza (1060), and 

 thus conquered Calabria, in the possession of which 

 he was confirmed by Pope Nicholas II. Robert 

 now became the pope's champion, and along with 

 his younger brother Roger waged incessant war 

 against Greeks and Saracens in south Italy and 

 Sicily, both of which gradually fell under their 

 arms, the latter being, however, given to Roger as 

 count. The closing years of Robert's life were 

 occupied in fighting against Alexius Comnenus, 

 who had deposed Michael VII. from the throne of 

 Constantinople, Robert being drawn into the 

 quarrel from the fact that he had married his 

 daughter to Michael's heir. Having sent his son 

 Bohemond (q.v.) to reduce Corfu, he himself gained 



a brilliant victory over Alexius at Durazzo ( 1081 ), 

 captured that city ( 1082 ), and then marched 

 through Epirus towards Constantinople, when he 

 received information that the Emperor Henry IV. 

 had made an inroad into Italy. He immediately 

 hastened back, compelled Henry to retreat, and 

 liberated the pope, who was besieged in the castle 

 of St Angelo (1084). Then, having returned to 

 Epirus, he defeated the Greeks in several engage- 

 ments, took possession of some islands in the 

 Archipelago, and was on the point of advancing a 

 second time to Constantinople, when he died sud- 

 denly in Cephalonia, 17th July 1085. See works on 

 the Normans in Europe by A. H. Johnson (1877) ' 

 andT. W. Barlow (1886). 



Guise, a town of the French department of 

 Aisne, on the Oise, 25 miles by rail ENE. of St 

 Quentin. Within the town are the ruins of a 

 castle, from which the famous Dukes of Guise 

 derived their title. Guise is now a place of consider- 

 able industrial activity, with woollen and cotton 

 manufactures, and a large foundry (800 hands) 

 for manufacturing cooking and heating stoves. 

 The ironworks are conducted on a profit-sharing 

 scheme ; and the workmen are provided with 

 dwellings on the associated plan. This FamilisUre, 

 of which the first portion was erected by the initi- 

 ator of the experiment, M. Godin, in 1859-60, has 

 cost about 80,000, and provides accommodation 

 for 2000 persons. Within the buildings are a cafe, 

 theatre, nursery, schools, covered playgrounds, a 

 co-operative store, and a library and reading-room. 

 Pop. (1872) 5651 ; (1891) 8153. 



Guise, the name of a branch of the ducal family 

 of Lorraine, which it derives from the town of 

 Guise, in the department of Aisne. 



CLAUDE OF LORRAINE, first Duke of Guise, was 

 the fifth son of Rene II., Duke of Lorraine, and 

 was born at the chateau of Conde, October 20, 

 1496. Attaching himself to Francis I., he fought 

 with distinction at Marignano in 1515 ; but after 

 that campaign remained at home to defend France 

 against the English and Germans ( 1522-23). Dur- 

 ing the captivity of Francis I., after Pavia, Claude 

 of Guise suppressed the peasant revolt in Lorraine 

 (1527), for which Francis, after his return home, 

 created him Duke of Guise. In his later years he 

 held himself aloof from public life ; he died 12th 

 April 1550. 



His daughter Mary, usually spoken of in history 

 as Mary of Lorraine, was born November 22, 1515, 

 and in 1538 became the wife of James V. of Scot- 

 land. By his death in 1542, she was left a widow 

 with one child, Mary, Queen of Scots. Under the 

 regency of Arran which followed, war broke out be- 

 tween England and Scotland, partly on account of 

 the claims which Henry VIII. made with regard to 

 the infant Mary's marriage, and partly on religious 

 grounds. Mary of Lorraine during those years 

 acted with much wisdom and moderation ; but 

 after her own accession to the regency in 1554, she 

 allowed the Guises too much to influence her policy, 

 the result being that the Protestant nobles com- 

 bined against her in 1559. This rebellion, which 

 she was assisted by French troops to repress, con- 

 tinued almost to the time of her death, which took 

 place in Edinburgh Castle, 10th June 1560. But 

 before her death she was reconciled to her nobles. 



FRANCIS, second Duke of Guise, son of the 

 first duke, was born at Bar, February 17, 1519, and 

 became one of the greatest generals of France. At 

 the siege of Boulogne (1545) he gained the nick- 

 name of Balafre from a severe wound in his face. 

 Seven years later he held Metz gloriously against 

 Charles V. of Germany, and thus prevented an in- 

 vasion of France. He added to his reputation at 

 Renti (1554), fighting against the troops of Charles 



