<;riT.\K 



GUIZOT 



V., and in 1550 took command of the expedi- 

 tion against Naples. Recalled tlicnue in the 

 following year to defend the northern frontier 

 ! -t tilt; English, lie took Calais (1558) and 

 other towns, and brought alnmt the treaty of 

 MI Camhresis (1559). He and his hrother 

 < 'Italics, the cardinal (1.V25-74), probably the most 

 capaMc man of tlio Guises, who afterwards played 

 a prominent part at the Council of Trent, then 

 managed to possess themselves of all real power 

 din-in;,' tin- reign of the weak King Francis II. 

 I'liiiinu' themselves at the head of the Roman 

 Catholic opposition to the Reformation, they re- 

 pir-sed Protestantism with a strong arm. In the 

 \\ar lietweeu Huguenots and Catholics Guise and 

 Moimnorency won a victory at Dreux (1562), and 

 the former \\as besieging Orleans when he was 

 -sinated by a Huguenot nobleman, on 18th 

 Fein-nary 1563. He had a taste for literature, and 

 his memoirs, written bv himself, have much historic 

 interest. See his Life 1>y Biisset ( 1840) and Cauviu 

 (1885). 



HKNRY I., third Duke of Guise, son of Francis, 

 was lorn December 31, 1550. Filled by the murder 

 of his father with bitter hatred of the Protestants, 

 lie louglit fiercely against them, at Jarnac (March 

 1569 ) and Moncontour ( Octol>er 1569 ), and in the 

 same year forced Coligny to raise the siege of 

 Poitiers. He was one of the contrivers of the 

 massacre of St Bartholomew, August 24, 1572, in 

 which he personally made sure that Coligny should 

 be slain ; and subsequently he put himself at the 

 head of the Catholic League. He had, however, a 

 greater ambition, that of succeeding to the throne 

 of France, for in respect of real power he was 

 already the equal, or rather superior, of the feeble 

 King Henry III., whose commands he set at nought 

 and whom he so deeply humiliated that the king 

 procured his assassination, on 23d December 1588, 

 at Blois. This duke earned the nickname of 

 Le Balafre ('of the scar') in an encounter with 

 German mercenaries of Conde at Dormans ( 1575 ). 

 See his Life by Renauld (1879). 



HKXKY II., fifth Duke of Guise, the grandson 

 of Henry I., was born at Blois, April 4, 1614. He 

 was destined for the church, ana at the age of 

 fifteen became Archbishop of R helms, but, in 1640, 

 on the death of his elder brother, he succeeded to 

 the dukedom. Having joined the league against 

 Hichelieu, he was condemned by the parliament of 

 Paris to capital punishment, but found refuge in 

 Flanders. He put himself at the head of Masa- 

 niello's revolt in Naples, as the representative of 

 the Anjou family, but was taken prisoner by the 

 Spanish forces ( 1647) and carried to Madrid, where 

 he remained five years. After another fruitless 

 attempt to win Naples (1654), he settled at Paris 

 and lived the life of a courtier, dying in June 1664 

 without descendants. His Mcmoirea (2 vols. Paris, 

 1669) were written partly by Count Raymond of 

 Modena and partly by his secretary, St Yon. The 

 direct line of the house became extinct on the 

 death of Francois Joseph (1675), the seventh duke, 

 and grandson of Henry II. 's brother Louis. See 

 Form-ron, /,* Dues de Guise (2d ed. 1893). 



4> lli tar (Lat. cithara, Gr. /./'Mara, 'a lyre 

 or lute'), a musical stringed instrument, some- 

 what like the lute, particularly well adapted for 

 accompanying the human voice, and much esteemed 

 in Spain and Italy. It Was first introduced into the 

 former country from the East by the Moore. It has 

 six strings, the notation of which is as follows : 





but which sound an octave lower ; and the sound 



it* produced by the finger* of the right hand twitch- 

 ing tin- strings, while the fingers of the left hand 

 make the notes of the music on the finger-lxtard, 

 which lias frete across it. The three highest 

 strings of the guitar are always of gut, and the 

 three lowest are of silk spun over with silvered 

 wire. The greatest virtuosi on the guitar have 

 been Giuliani, Sor, Zoechi, Moll, and Horetzsky. 



4.ui/ot, FRANCOIS PIERRE GUILLAUMK, his- 

 torian and statesman, wan horn at Nlmes, Octolter 

 4, 1787, of middle-class Huguenot parentage. His 

 father, although a Liberal, was guillotined, April 

 8, 1794, whereupon his mother removed with him 

 to Geneva. There he was carefully educated, IxMiig 

 taught among other things the trade of a carpenter, 

 in accordance probably with Rousseau's theories. 

 In 1805 he went to Paris to study law. He soon 

 drifted into literature ; and it was a review of 

 Chateaubriand's Martyrs (1809) that brought him 

 under the notice of the dictator of Parisian literary 

 society. In the same year appeared Guizot s 

 Nouveau Dictionnaire des Synonymes, in 1811 an 

 essay on the fine arts ; and in 1812 the final liter- 

 ary bent of his mind showed itself in a translation 

 of Gibbon. That same year he married the first 

 of his three wives, Mdlle. de Meulan (1773-1827), 

 editor of Le Pvbliciste, to which he had been a 

 contributor. Shortly afterwards he was chosen 

 professor of Modern History in the University of 

 France. Guizot was, however, a decided opponent 

 of the Napoleonic regime, and it was not till 1814, 

 after its fall, that he became secretary -general of 

 the ministry of the Interior. This office he ex- 

 changed after the Hundred Days for the secretary- 

 generalship of the ministry of Justice, and in 1816 

 for the general directorship of the departmental and 

 communal administration, being at the same time 

 made a councillor of state. As a doctrinaire or 

 constitutional Liberal, he found himself out of 

 sympathy with the reactionary policy of the Bour- 

 bons. So pronounced was his opposition that in 

 1821 he was deprived of his public appointments, 

 and four years later interdicted even from lectur- 

 ing on history. He threw himself once again into 

 literature. In conjunction with some friends he 

 published Memoires relutifs a VHistoire de France 

 jusquau 13 Siecle (31 vols.), and Memoires rela- 

 tifs d la Revolution d'Anqleterre (26 vols.). He 

 also edited translations of Snakespeare and 1 1 nl lam, 

 and commenced his Histoire de la Revolution 

 d" Angleterre. Having in 1828 been restored to his 

 chair, he lectured on the history of civilisation in 

 Europe, and more particularly in France. These 

 lectures, published as Coitrs d'Histoire Moderne, 

 finally established his reputation as one of the first 

 historians of his day. 



The time had now come for Guizot to take a more 

 active part in politics. In 1830 he was returned to 

 the Chamber of Deputies for Lisieux, at once be- 

 came a prominent member of the Opposition, and, 

 although no orator, aided indirectly in bringing 

 about the Revolution of July, which placed Louis- 

 Philippe on the throne. Minister first of the In- 

 terior, and subsequently of Public Instruction, he 

 signalised his occupancy of the latter congenial 

 office by establishing a system of primary schools 

 throughout France, giving an impulse to secondary 

 and university education, and reviving the Aca- 

 demic des Sciences Morales et Politiques. In 1840 

 (Jui/ot, then temporarily in alliance with his lead- 

 ing parliamentary rival, Thiers, came to Ix>ndoR 

 as French ambassador, and was received with 

 great respect, on account of his reputation and 

 the interest he had shown in English history. 

 But, unfortunately, at this time the relations be- 

 tween Great Britain and France were strained in 

 consequence of the Syrian question, and Guizot was, 

 not quite accurately, looked upon by Melbourne 



