460 



GUIZOT 



GULF STREAM 



and Palmerston as the mouth-piece of the policy of 

 Thiers. ' He was always,' in Melbourne's opinion, 

 says Melbourne's biographer, ' what Talleyrand 

 from the first pronounced him to be un intrigant 

 austere.' Fortunately for Guizot he did not nold 

 the embassy long. Thiers's belligerent policy 

 alarmed Louis- Philippe into virtually dismissing 

 him. Guizot was summoned to take his place, 

 and till the end of Louis-Philippe's reign was his 

 chief adviser, although it was not till 1847 that 

 he became prime-minister. In the early years of 

 his term of power Guizot was undoubtedly suc- 

 cessful ; his chief aim, like his master's, peace. 



When, after the fall of Peel, Palmerston once 

 more obtained the control of British foreign policy, 

 Guizot, by way of checkmating him, plunged into the 

 intrigue which resulted in the ' Spanish Marriages.' 

 This intrigue was totally indefensible, and the 

 indecency of the central incident in it the forc- 

 ing of the young queen of Spain into a marriage 

 with a disreputable and intellectually contemptible 

 kinsman revolted the conscience of Europe, and 



Sreatly injured Guizot's reputation. It alienated 

 'ranee from Great Britain, and compelled Guizot 

 to fall back for sympathy on the reactionary forces 

 in Europe, whose hope at this time was Austria. 

 He also relapsed into reactionary methods of 

 government at home, allowed the finances to drift 

 into confusion, and resisted the rising demand for 

 parliamentary reform ; whilst, although personally 

 pure, his administration became notorious for 

 scandalous jobs. 



With the fall of Louis-Philippe in February 1848 

 Guizot's active political career really came to an 

 end. He escaped to London, where he was cordi- 

 ally received by old friends, and even by old oppo- 

 nents like Palmerston. In the troubled period 

 which preceded the establishment of the second 

 empire Guizot made efforts both in London and 

 Paris to rally and fuse the monarchical parties 

 of France, but after the coup d'etat of December 

 2, 1851, he gave himself up entirely to literature. 

 He completed his works on the Great Rebellion 

 in England, under the titles of Evolution d'Angle- 

 terre and Monk, Chute de la Republique. He also 

 published Corneille et son Temps, and Shakspeare 

 et son Temps in 1852 ; Memo ires pour servir d 

 I'Histoire de mon Temps an explanation of, but 

 certainly not an apology for his policy in 1858 ; 

 Melanges Biographiques et Litteraires in 1868 ; and 

 Melanges Politiques et Historiques in 1869. His 

 Vie, Correspondance, et Merits de Washington 

 (1839-40) was commissioned by the United States 

 government. Guizot took a keen interest in theo- 

 logical and ethical speculation, and for a long 

 time his voice was supreme in the consistory of 

 the Protestant church in Paris. His excursions into 

 other fields than those of history and politics bore 

 fruit in Meditations et fltudes Morales (1852), and 

 Meditations sur Vtltat actuel de la Religion Chre- 

 tienne (1865). His Histoire de France racontee a 

 mes pet its Enfants was completed and published 

 by his daughter, Madame Guizot de Witt (5 vols. 

 1870-75). 



During the second empire Guizot lived tran- 

 quilly in retirement, chiefly at his residence of 

 Val Richer, near Lisieux, in Normandy. On 

 January 19, 1870, he made his first political appear- 

 ance in public since 1848 by attending a reception 

 given by the third Napoleon's ' Liberal ' minister, 

 M. Ollivier. He followed with a painful interest 

 the fortunes of his country in the war with Ger- 

 many. He approved of the conduct of the Govern- 

 ment of National Defence in deciding to carry on 

 war a outrance. In a letter to the Times on the 

 subject, he mentioned the fact of his having four 

 sons on the ramparts. The veteran statesman 

 survived for more than three years the greatest 



humiliation his country had ever suffered, dying 

 September 12, 1874. 



That Guizot was a man of high personal char- 

 acter, that he led a simple life, and that he 

 despised wealth are beyond doubt. He was a 

 patriot also, according to his lights ; if at one 

 period he intrigued abroad and at another con- 

 nived at corruption at home, he did it for the 

 aggrandisement of his country, not for his own 

 advantage. It must be admitted, however, that 

 constitutional pedantry, obstinacy, and self-suffi- 

 ciency prevented him from being a great, in the 

 sense of an accommodating and far-seeing poli- 

 tician. As a historian he was painstaking and, 

 on the whole, accurate, but he was not brilliant. 

 Altogether Guizot, though not a great man, was a 

 large and important figure in the history of France 

 and of his time. 



The leading authorities on the life of Guizot are his 

 own Memoirs, and Gaizot in Private Life, by his daughter, 

 Madame de Witt ( Eng. trans. 1880 ) ; Jules Simon, 

 Thiers, Guizot, Remusat ( 1885 ) ; Thureau-Dangin, La 

 Monarchic de Juttlet (1889); and small biographies by 

 Crozal (1893) and Bardoux (1894). See also Evelyn 

 Ashley's Life of Viscount Palinerston (1876), Torrens'a 

 Memoirs of Lord Melbourne ( 1878 ), and Spencer 

 Walpole's Life of Lord John Russell ( 1889). 



Gujarat, or GTJZERAT, the northern maritime 

 province of Bombay, has, in the narrower sense, 

 an area of 10,296 sq. m., and a pop. (1891) of 

 3,098,197. In its widest sense on the other hand 

 (with Kathiawar) it has an area of over 70,000 

 sq. m., and a pop. of 10,000,000. Within the 

 wider limits lie the British districts of Surat, 

 Broach, Kaira, Panch Mahals, and Ahmadabad, 

 the territories of the Gaekwar of Baroda (q. v. ), and 

 numerous petty native states. Of these last 180 

 are on the peninsula of Kathiawar, which projects 

 into the Arabian Sea to the north of the Gulf of 

 Cambay. Gujarati is one of the seven main Aryan 

 vernacular languages of India (q.v. ). See also 

 GUJRAT. 



Glljranwala, chief town of Gujranwala dis- 

 trict in the Punjab, 40 miles N. of Lahore, on the 

 Northern Punjab State Railway, lies in a flat 

 plain, is notorious for its bad sanitary condition, 

 and has some local trade and petty manufactures. 

 It was for a time the capital of the Sikh power, 

 and Ranjit Singh was born here. Pop. 23,000. 

 The district has an area of 3017 sq. m., and a 

 pop. of 690,169, three-fourths Mohammedans. 



< ii jrat . or GTJZERAT, the chief town of Gujrat 

 district, in the Punjab, has been left (by a change 

 in the river's course) a few miles north of the present 

 bed of the Chenab, but is a place of some military 

 and political importance, as well as the centre of 

 a considerable trade. It produces cloth and cotton 

 goods, brass vessels and gold inlaid-work, and 

 boots and shoes. Here, in 1849, a decisive battle 

 was fought, which finally broke the Sikh power, 

 and brought the whole Punjab under British rule. 

 Pop. 19,000. The district has an area of 2051 so. 

 m. ; pop. 760,875. See also GUJARAT. 



Gulden. See FLORIN. 



Gules (cjueules, the French heraldic term for 

 'red,' is the plural of gueule, 'the mouth,' Lat. 

 gula), the term by which the colour red is known 

 in heraldry. See HERALDRY. 



Gulf Stream and Oceanic Currents. 

 The Gulf Stream is the best known, the best 

 defined, and the most remarkable of all the ocean 

 currents (see map at ATLANTIC). It derives its 

 name from the Gulf of Mexico, out of which, as a 

 great current of warm water, it flows through the 

 Strait of Florida, along the eastern coast of the 

 United States of America, and is then deflected 

 near the banks of Newfoundland diagonally across 



