GUNDAMUK 



GUNNERY 



This pouder is known iw a condensed powder, the 



: necessary to produce the required velocity 



occupying a very small space. The Normal pmvder 



iy similar to Walsrode. 



Hue of the most powerful explosives knuwn is 

 bliistimi iji-liitiin-, made I iy dissolving 7 per cent, of 

 ;:un cotton in 93 JMM- cent, of nitro-glycerine ; it 

 forms a gelatinous muss somewhat re-emhling 

 honey in colour, and varying in consistency from a 

 ton^d leathery material to a soft substance like 

 jelly. It is stronger than dynamite, as the 

 nitrofrlliilo.se itself is explosive, and, if made 

 with great care, and if absolutely free from all 

 impurities, is a safe and stable explosive. Hut, 

 uiile-s the ingredients of which it is composed are 

 absolutely pure and free from all foreign matter, 

 it hecomea exceedingly dangerous when stored 

 in large quantities, and is liable to spontaneous 

 combustion. 



Se Wardell, Gunpowder and Gun-cotton (1889); 



dunlin. Dictionary of Explorivei (1896) ; Eissler, Modern 



>*ivcg ( 1889 ) ; Guttmann, Manufacture of Explosives 



dvi.'i); Sanford, Nitro- Explosives (18%). See also 



CELLULOID, RIFLES. 



<. ii minimi k. See GANDAMAK. 



4i nil-factories ROYAL, form one branch of 

 the Uoyal Arsenal at Woolwich, the other two 

 iH'ing the Royal Laboratory and Royal Carriage 

 Department; see WOOLWICH. The process now 

 adopted in manufacturing guns is explained under 

 CANNON. The Elswick foundry was for some time 

 rero-nised as an auxiliary and supplement to 

 Woolwich Arsenal, the guns being turned out at 

 a contract price, payable after rigid inspection. 

 The close connection between them ceased in 1863, 

 but many orders are still executed for government 

 by the Elswick firm. 



Gunffl, JOSEF (1810-89), composer, born at 

 Zsamhek in Hungary, entered a military band as 

 oboist, and was its conductor for eight years. In 

 1843-48 he gave, concerts in Berlin, and there in 

 1849, after a visit to America, he was appointed 

 director of the royal concerts. From 1858 to 1864 

 he was bandmaster of an. Austrian regiment; but 

 most of his remaining years were employed in 

 concert tours. Of his 400 compositions most were 

 waltx.es or other dances. 



Gun-metal. See CANNON. 



Gunnel (Centronotus), a genus of coast fishes 

 in the Blenny family, but with more elongate eel- 

 like form than the true blennies. The British 

 species (C.^ gunnellus), the spotted gunnel or 

 buttertish, is common on British coasts, lurking 

 under stones in tidal pools. The colour is deep 

 olive, with a dorsal row of black spots surrounded 

 by white rings ; the usual length is about 6 inches ; 

 the skin is thickly coated with a mucous secretion. 

 It is seldom used except for bait. 



(miner, in the British army, is a private 

 soldier of the Royal Artillery. His pay is Is. 2d. 

 per diem, except in the Horse Artillery, where it is 

 Is. 4d. ; his uniform is blue with red* facings, red 

 stripes on the trousers, and yellow worsted lace. 

 His arms consist of a carbine and sword-bayonet in 

 the garrison artillery, and a cavalry sword in the 

 horse. In the field artillery gunners carry no arms, 

 but two carbines are strapped on to each limber. 

 Master-gunners are warrant officers of artillery, 

 generally placed in charge of one or more forts; 

 the first class receive 6s., the second, 5s. 8d., and 

 the third, 4s. 6d. a day. The office has much de- 

 generated in importance since it was first created, 

 at least as early as the time of Henry VIII. 



In the navy the gunner is an officer from the 

 ranks qualified in gunnery, appointed by warrant 

 from the Admiralty. Rank next after chief -gunner, 



In-low second lieutenant in the army, but above 

 m.<~ier-guiiner. Pay, from ~m. <(d. to 8*. 3d., with 

 allowances in Kj>ecial cases. Pension, at age of 

 fifty-five or when unlit, not exceeding 120 a year. 

 Must pass examinations on board gunnery hliijm 

 at Portsmouth or Plymouth, filiform similar to 

 undress of sub- lieutenant*, but without distin- 

 guishing marks, and with black-hilted sword. 

 Duties : takes charge of all the ordnance stores 

 on board ship, and is responsible under super- 

 intendence for their expenditure and account ; hag 

 a general oversight of everything relating to the 

 weapons employed and their proper use, either 

 under a gunnery officer or where there is none. IB 

 entitled to a cabin. Gunners are now sometimes 

 appointed in place of sub-lieutenants for quarter- 

 deck duties and to command torpedo-boats, &c. 

 Chief-gunner is a commissioned officer promoted by 

 selection from the gunners. Rank next after sub- 

 lieutenants in the navy and with second-lieutenante 

 in the army. Pay, 9s. per day, and pension at fifty- 

 five or when unfit, not exceeding 150 a year. 

 Uniform the same as gunner, but with a single 

 gold stripe and loop on each cuff, the same as sub- 

 lieutenant. Duties the same as those of gunner. 

 Both chief-gunner and gunner are eligible for pro- 

 motion to the rank of lieutenant in special cases. 

 Gunner 's-mate is a first-class petty-othcer, selected 

 after examination on board the gunnery ships from 

 men qualified as seamen-gunners. Wages the same 

 as other first-class seamen petty -officers, from 2s. 

 2d. to 2s. 5d. per day, but with extra pay for 

 gunnery qualifications varying from 2d. to 8d. per 

 day. Uniform the same as other first-class sea- 

 men petty-officers, but with devices on right sleeve 

 denoting gunnery qualifications. Duties, assistant 

 to those of gunner. Chief -gunner 1 s mate is a chief 

 petty -officer promoted from the gunner's-mates. 

 Pay, from 2s. 8d. to 3s. 2d. per day, with extra 

 pay for gunnery qualifications. Uniform, that of 

 other seamen chief petty-officers, but with gunnery 

 devices on right sleeve. Duties the same ajs 

 gunner's-mates. Seaman-gunner is a seaman quali- 

 fied in gunnery subjects on board one of the 

 gunnery ships, for which he receives from 2d. to 

 4d. per day extra pay. 



In the United States navy, gunners' wages, like 

 those of boatswains and carpenters, range from 

 $700 when on leave or waiting orders during the 

 first three years', service, to $1800, when at sea 

 after twelve years' service. 



Gunnery is the science which governs by ite 

 laws the construction and employment of all fire- 

 arms, though the term ' musketry ' is generally 

 applied to the scientific use of small-arms. It in- 

 volves a knowledge of the properties of metals, and 

 details of their manipulation in gun-manufacture, 

 as well as the calculation of the strains to which 

 the weapon will be subjected, the velocities of 

 projectiles, and the effect upon them of the various 

 forces to which they are exposed in the bore of the 

 gun and during their flight through the air. 



This subject was first treated of by an Italian 

 mathematician, Nicolas Tartaglia, who in 1537 

 published La Knom Hcfentia. He also invented 

 the gunner's quadrant. Many other writers fol- 

 lowed him, of whom the principal was Galileo, 

 whose Dialogues on Motion were printed in 1638. 

 But the real founder of the science was Benjamin 

 Robins (q.v.), whose New Principles of Gunnery 

 appeared in 1742, and treated of atmospheric 

 resistance, the force of gunjK>wder, the effect* of 

 varying the length and weight of guns, &c. His 

 invention, the Ballistic Pendulum (q.v.), enabled 

 the velocity of a cannon-ball to be measured, and 

 was generally used for that purpose until super- 

 seded bv Navez's electro-lallistic pendulum about 

 1862. Euler, Halton, and others added by their 



