474 



GUNS 



GURNALL 



bury and led to the discovery of the plot, if it had 

 not otherwise been already betrayed. The names 

 of the conspirators were, however, not disclosed. 

 The government, therefore, waited for the fuller 

 development of the plot. The cellar was visited as 

 if casually by the Lord Chamberlain and Lord 

 Monteagle at three o'clock on the afternoon of the 

 4th. Fawkes, who was found there, explained 

 that the fuel and faggots were the property of his 

 master, Percy. He still hoped to carry his design 

 into execution, and a little before midnight he 

 returned to the cellar to take up his post for the 

 night. He was met and arrested at the doorway. 

 Catesby hastened to Warwickshire, hoping to raise 

 his friends. A few days later they were attacked ; 

 several of the conspirators, including Catesby, were 

 killed, and others were taken prisoners and com- 

 mitted for trial. From their confessions the whole 

 plot was gradually revealed. 



The government was now much concerned with a 

 suspicion that the murderous design had been pro- 

 moted or approved by the Jesuits. Bates had in 

 his confession implicated certain fathers of the 

 society, especially Garnet ( q. v. ) and Green way. The 

 latter made good his escape abroad. Garnet and 

 a brother Jesuit, Oldcorne, who was convicted of 

 nothing more than aiding in the concealment of his 

 companion, were discovered in a priest's hiding- 

 place at Hindlip, whither Garnet had fled from 

 Cough ton, in the neighbourhood of the appointed 

 rendezvous of the conspirators. Their trial ex- 

 cited the greatest interest. It soon became evi- 

 dent that Garnet's knowledge, such as it was, of 

 the plot had been forced upon him by the conspir- 

 ators, who were anxious to obtain from him some 

 token of his approval for the satisfaction of their 

 own doubtful consciences. He admitted that he 

 had derived a general knowledge of some treasonable 

 design against the government, in the first instance 

 from Catesby, and that subsequently he had learnt 

 the particulars from Father Greenway in confession. 

 On further examination Garnet expressed some 

 doubt whether the communication made by Green - 

 way was strictly sacramental or under the seal of 

 confession, or at least whether Greenway himself 

 so considered it. It was, moreover, elicited from 

 Garnet that he had frequent conversations with 

 Greenway on the plot, though always ' in relation 

 to confession.' Finally, when Catesby wished to 

 give him full information out of confession in- 

 formation which would have released Garnet from 

 all shadow of scruple in taking measures to reveal 

 or prevent the crime the Jesuit refused to listen to 

 him. Some of Garnet's actions, both before and 

 after the 5th November, gave probability to the 

 belief that he knew more than he admitted, and 

 was not unwilling that the plot should succeed. 

 He blamed himself, indeed, for not having done 

 more to prevent the mischief, and declared that he 

 should suffer, not as a martyr, but as a penitent 

 thief. It is, however, clear that the clergy in 

 general, whether secular or regular, and the entire 

 Catholic community, with the exception of a score 

 of fanatics, were innocent of all participation in 

 the plot. 



See the Narrative of the Gunpowder Plot by David 

 Jardine ( 1857 ), which treats the facts in a masterly and 

 impartial spirit ; Gardiner's History of Em/land, vol. i. 

 chap. vi. ; and Tierney's edition of Dodd's Church 

 History, vol. ii. In 1896 Father Gerard, S.J., tried in 

 What was the Gunpoioder Plot ? to show that the evidence 

 of a real plot was slight, and that the plot was itself 

 partly manufactured by government agents ; in 1897 

 Gardiner traversed this theory in What the Gunpowder 

 Plot was. 



Guns (Magyar Koszeg), a free town of Hun- 

 gary, 57 miles SSE. of Vienna, with a castle of 

 Prince Esterhazy. Pop. 7070. 



Glinter, EDMUND, mathematician, was born 

 in Hertfordshire in 1581, and educated at West- 

 minster and Christ Church, Oxford. Although he 

 took orders and became a preacher in 1614, his 

 mind was strongly bent towards mathematical 

 studies, and in 1619 he obtained the professorship 

 of Astronomy in Gresham College, London, a post 

 which he held down to his death, 10th December 

 1626. His principal works are the Canon Triangv- 

 lorum (Lond. 1620), a table of logarithmic sines 

 and tangents to seven places of decimals, being the 

 first table published in accordance with Briggs's 

 system, and treatises on the Sector, Cross-staff, 

 and other Instruments (1624). Gunter was the 

 first to use the terms cosine, cotangent, and co- 

 secant for the sine, tangent, and secant of the 

 complement of an arc. To him are also due the 

 invention of the surveying-chain (see CHAIN), a 

 quadrant, and a scale, and the first observation of 

 the variation of the compass. 



The name of Gunter's Scale, or Gunter's Lines, is 

 usually given to three lines to be seen on almost 

 any sector, and marked N, S, T, meaning the lines 

 of logarithmic numbers, of logarithmic sines, and of 

 logarithmic tangents. To understand their construc- 

 tion and use requires a knowledge of logarithms ; 

 they are explained in every school-book of practical 

 mathematics. The distances of the divisions marked 

 1, 2, 3, &c. on the line of log. numbers, represent 

 the logarithms of those numbers viz. 0, '301, '477, 

 &c. taken from a scale of equal parts. The other 

 lines are constructed on an analogous plan. Calling 

 to mind that multiplication of numbers is effected 

 by the addition of the logarithms, division by their 

 subtraction, involution by their multiplication, and 

 evolution by their division, we are able to perceive 

 with what ease many rough problems in areas, 

 heights, cubic contents, and other matters may be 

 performed through the agency of Gunter's Scale. 



<. ill) 1 13 r . a town in the presidency of Madras, 

 46 miles WNW. of Masulipatam, with an active 

 trade in grain and cotton. Formerly badly built 

 and overcrowded, it has been recently much im- 

 proved. Pop. 19,646. 



Gurgaon, a district of the Punjab, in the 

 division of Delhi, with an area of 1984 sq. in. Pop. 

 ( 1891 ) 668,929, over two-thirds Hindus. Agriculture 

 is the chief employment ; the soil is on the whole 

 not unfertile, but there is little artificial irrigation, 

 and the district has suffered greatly from drought. 

 The commercial centre is Rewari (q.v. ); the civil 

 headquarters is Gurgaon (pop. 4000), 21 miles SW. 

 of Delhi by rail, with some trade in grain. 



Gurhwal. See GARHWAL. 



Gurjun Balsam, or WOOD-OIL, a balsamic 

 liquid obtained from one of the Dipteraceae (q.v.), 

 which grows plentifully in the Andaman Islands. 

 It resembles in characters and medicinal pro- 

 perties Copaiba Balsam (q.v.), and has at various 

 times been sold as such. It has been used as 

 a substitute for copaiba, chiefly in the Indian 

 hospitals, but its chief use in the East is as a 

 varnish for boats, and for preventing the attacks of 

 ants on timber. At the request of Mr Manley 

 Hopkins, the Hawaiian consul, the English govern- 

 ment procured from the government of India in 

 1888 a large quantity of gurjun-oil, for checking or 

 alleviating leprosy in Hawaii. It was used for this 

 purpose by the late Father Damien (q.v.) amongst 

 the lepers of Molokai. 



Glirnall, WILLIAM, theological writer, was 

 born in 1616 at Lynn, in Norfolk, was educated at 

 Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and in 1644 became 

 rector of Lavenham in Suffolk, where he died, 12th 

 October 1679. He is known as author of the 

 devout, quaint, and pithy sermons on Ephesians, 

 chap, vi., entitled The Christian in Compleat 



