(JI'ltNAKD 



GU8TAVU8 ADOLPHU8 475 



Armour: a Treatise of the Saints' War again* 

 tli,- Ihril (1655-02; see the ed. of 1865, will 

 biography by Kyle). 



(lirnard (Trigla), a genus of acanthopteroui 

 fishes of the family Collide, represented in tropica 

 uii.l temperate seas by about forty specie**, o; 

 \\liichseven occur on British coasts. The head of 

 tin- gurnard is angular, the eves near the summit 

 tin- upper surfaci- ami the sides entirely bony, the 

 teeth small and very numerous. The body is 

 rounded, tapering, and covered with small scales, 

 the air-bladder is often in two lateral parts pro- 

 vided with lateral muscles, and the broau pectoral 

 lins are usually brightly coloured on the inner 

 surface. The most marked peculiarity of the genus 

 i- i he presence, in front of the pectorals, of three 

 free finger-like rays. These are well supplied with 

 nerves, and are organs at once of locomotion and oi 

 touch. Most of the gurnards live near the bottom, 

 and feed on crustaceans, molluscs, and small fishes. 

 When handled they emit a peculiar sound caused 

 by the escape of air from the air-bladder a fact 

 which has gained for one species ( T. Iwa ) the local 

 name of ' Piper. ' The most common British species 

 is the Gray Gurnard ( T. 'gurnardus). Its colour is 

 brownish-gray, marked with white, and the lateral 

 line bears a series of white, crested, bony plates. 

 The Red Gurnard (1\ pini) is also common, and is 

 much used as food. It attains a length of about 



The Sapphirine Gurnard (Trigla hirundo). 



15 inches. Much rarer is the Sapphirine Gurnard 

 {'/'. hinniiln}, so named from the beautiful blue of 

 its pectoral tins. It grows to a length of about 2 

 feet. Gurnard! are caught by the trawling-net or 

 by hook and Hue. 



4.1H-IK \ . .Josici'H JOHN, a philanthropic Quaker, 

 born at Eaiihan Hall, near Norwich, August 2 

 1788, was educated privately at Oxford, and in 

 318 became a minister of the Society of Friends. 

 His life was devoted to benevolent enterprises, in- 

 cluding the prison reforms of his sister, Mrs Fry 

 He died January 4, 1847. Among |,j s works are 

 Prison Discipline (1819), RtKgwu* Ptculiaritiet of 

 the Society of Friends (1824), and A Winter in the 

 West Indies (1840). See Hare, The Gurneys of 

 Earlham (1895). 



GlIStAVUS Adolphns (Gustavus II.), king of 

 Sweden from 1611 to 1632, was born at Stockholm 

 December 9, 1594, the son of Charles IX., and grand- 



son of iLi -:-3at Gustavus Vasa. He was carefully 



educated, and grew up one of the most accomplished 

 princes of his age. He knew eigjit languages, xpeak- 

 ing and writing five of these with fluency, wa well 

 read in the classics and ancient history, proficient 

 in music, and skilful in all manly exercises. When 

 he came to the throne in hi* eighteenth year he 

 found the country involved in wars abroad and 

 disorders at home, arising from the disputed suc- 

 cession of his father, who had been elected king to 

 the exclusion of the direct heir, his nephew, the 

 Roman Catholic Sigismund, king of Poland. The 

 first act of Gustavus was to secure the hearty co- 

 operation of the nobles, by confirming their privi- 

 leges subject to the performance of military service 

 to the crown. Having reorganised the internal 

 government, and raised both men and money, he 

 made war on Denmark, and soon recovered his 

 Baltic provinces, and a direct outlet towards 

 Russia. His war with Russia was ended in 1617, by 

 the treaty of Stolbova, by which Sweden obtained 

 supreme dominion over ihgermanland and Karelia, 

 and part of Livonia, while Russia recovered Nov- 

 gorod and all other conquests made by the Swedes. 

 In 1618 Gustavus visited Berlin in secret and fell in 

 love with the strong-minded daughter of the Elector 

 of Brandenburg, whom two years later he married. 

 On that second visit in 1620 he traversed Germany 

 as far south as Heidellierg. He next turned more 

 actively to the intermittent dispute with Poland, 

 which was at length terminated in 1629 by a six 

 years' truce, which secured reciprocity of trade and 

 freedom of religion to the natives of both countries, 

 and left Gustavus master of Elbing, Braunsberg, 

 Pillau, and Memel. 



This peace enabled the king to mature the plans 

 he had long cherished in regard to Germany, and 

 accordingly, after making various administrative 

 reforms at home, he remitted the charge of the 

 government and the care of his infant daughter 

 Christina to his chancellor Oxenstiern, and crossed 

 to Pomerania about the midsummer of 1630, with 

 but 15,000 men, to head the Protestants of Germany 

 in their hard struggle against the Catholic League, 

 which was backed by all the power of the empire 

 and the resistless arms of Tilly and Wallenstein. 



Everything favoured the success of the Swedes, 

 who drove the imperialists from Pomerania, and 

 took Stettin. The Duke of Pomerania, the aged 

 Boguslav, last of the old Wendish line, engaged, in 

 return for Swedish aid, that the dukedom should, 

 after his death, be given up to Sweden until the 

 expenses of the war were fully repaid ; whilst 

 Richelieu promised Gustavus a substantial subsidy 

 as long as he maintained an army of 36,000 men. 

 The Emperor Ferdinand had been obliged by the 

 Electors to dismiss the imperious Wallenstein from 

 his service. But, while the Swedes were besieging 

 Spandau and Kiistrin, the rich city of Magdeburg, 

 wnich had applied for help to Gus'tavus, who could 

 lot move without the support of the hesitating 

 Electors of Brandenburg and Saxony, was taken by 

 Tilly. His troops perpetrated the most terrible 

 atrocities upon the citizens, and all the buildings 

 were burned to the ground save the cathedral alone. 

 The Protestant German princes had been slow in 

 coming in to Gustavus; but after John George of 

 Saxony was driven Into his arms by the impolitic 

 lemands of Ferdinand, Gustavus came more and 

 more to be identified as the champion of their religion 

 igainst oppression. Meanwhile the unselfishness of 

 i is own aims and his elevation of character, as well 

 is the admirable discipline and the conduct of his 

 lardy veterans in such strong contrast to the un- 

 governed license of the imperial troops, gained the 

 confidence and admiration of all Germany. Soon 

 after the fall of Magdeburg, Gustavus inflicted a 

 evere defeat on Tilly at Breitenfeld, which taught 

 he Catholics to fear the ' snow-king and his body- 



