GUSTAVUS IV. 



GUTHRIE 



477 



country, encouraging agriculture and bettering 



the lot of' till' peasantry, fostering commerce, 



mining, literature, ami science, especially medicine, 

 ordering tin- li nances, digging uaniilH, and building 

 hospital-, orphanage*, and workhouses. But he 

 had an inordinate love I'm tilings French, and, in 

 his endeavour to imitate the extravagance and 

 splendour of tin; court of Versailles, lie became 

 rmharra-sed for money. His attempts to overcome 

 thU eiuli.irrassnient by an increase of taxation 

 alienated frotn him the affections of his people. 

 < )t t his state of things the nobles took advantage ; 

 they thwarted the kind's designs in his war with 

 Russia, and endeavoured to recover the power 

 they had lost (see SWEDEN). And, though 

 Gustavua once more broke their opposition and 

 himself full master of his kingdom, an ill- 



advised scheme for employing the forces of Sweden 

 in behalf of Louis XVI. of France against the 

 storm of the Revolution led to his own assassina- 

 tion by Ankarstrom, an emissary of the oligarchi- 

 cal party, at Stockholm in March 1792. 



CJll.stUVllS IV., king of Sweden, son and suc- 

 cessor of Gustavus III.j was born 1st November 

 1778. During the four years of his minority, his 

 uncle, the Duke of Sodermanland, acted as regent 

 (1792-96). This king was altogether unfitted to 

 rule a kingdom, owing to his crotchety notions of 

 honour, his obstinate self-will, his exalted ideas 

 of the prerogatives of kingship, and his want of 

 tact and wisdom in the management of public 

 all'airs. The ruling principle or motive of his life 

 was hatred of Napoleon. In consequence of this 

 feeling he offended Russia by preferring the alli- 

 ance with England, lost Stralsund and Riigen to 

 the French, and Finland to the Russians in 1808, 

 made an unsuccessful attack upon Norway, and 

 finally insulted the English by his treatment of 

 an army corps that had been sent to his assistance. 

 In March 1809 the whole of Sweden was in a con- 

 dition of burning discontent, and a party of nobles, 

 acting in conjunction with the army, dethroned 

 their wholly unpopular sovereign and gave the 

 crown to his uncle, the Duke of Sodermanland, 

 who succeeded as Charles XIII. Gustavus spent 

 his last days abroad, chiefly in Switzerland, often 

 in great want, and died at St Gall, 7th February 

 1837. 



Glistrow, a town of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 

 70 miles E. by S. of Liibeck by rail. It has a castle 

 ( l.V>S-65), a church of the 13th-15th century, and 

 a noticeable pauper school and orphanage, with 

 breweries, iron-foundries, a sugar-factory, tile- 

 works. and a large wool market. It was for 

 nearly a century and a half (1555-1695) the resi- 

 dence of the dukes of Mecklenburg-Gustrow. 

 Pop. (1875) 10,923; (1890) 14,568. 



4ut. a term technically used in zoology as equiv- 

 alent to the enteron or alimentary canal. Three 

 parts have to l>e carefully distinguished : (a) the 

 fore-gut or stonwdfrmn, lined by the outer layer or 

 ectoderm, and formed from an anterior infolding or 

 inragmation ; (l>) the. mid-gut or mesenteron, lined 

 by the inner layer or endoderm, and formed from 

 the original gastrula cavity; and (c) the hind -gut 

 or proctodenan, lined by the outer layer or ectoderm, 

 and formed from a posterior invagination. These 

 three typical parts, thus distinguished according to 

 their origin, vary greatly in size and function in 

 dillerent classes; but the mid-gut is the most im- 

 portant on account of its digestive function and 

 because of its outgrowths (liver, &c.) in higher 

 animals. It must also be noted that in vertebrate 

 anatomy the pharynx, gullet, and stomach are 

 sometimes called fore-gut ; the small intestine, 

 mid gut; the large intestine, hind-gut; but em- 

 bryologically these are all parts of the mesenteron 



d. -lined above. See EMBRYOLOGY; and for the 

 gut manufacture, CATOUT. 



Gutenberg, JOHANNES, or HENNE, who u 



regarded by the ( i.Tiiians. OH the inventor of the 

 art of employing movable typed in printing, was 

 born alxMit 1400 at Mainz. He was apparently the 

 illegitimate son of a canon named Gensfleisch, and HO 

 adopted his mother's family name. In 1434 he wax 

 living in Strasburg, anu seems to have been 

 well known as a man of considerable mechanical 

 skill, who taught stone-cutting, mirror-polishing, 

 and similar arts. When and where he made hut 

 lii -i attempts in the art of printing cannot with 

 certainty be ascertained. Some time between 

 1444 and 1448 he returned to Mainz, where, in 

 1449 or 1450, he entered into partnership with 

 Johannes Fust or Faust, a wealthy goldsmith, who 

 furnished the money required to set up a printing- 

 press. This partnership was, however, dissolved 

 after the lapse of a few years (1455), Fust bring- 

 ing an action at law ngainst Gutenberg to recover 

 the sums he had advanced ; being awarded the print- 

 ing concern by legal verdict, Fust carried it on with 

 Peter Schoffer of Gernsheim. Gutenberg, assisted 

 by a Dr H ornery, afterwards set up another printing- 

 press, with which he worked until hisdeath in 1408. 

 His fifth centenary was imposingly celebrated at 

 Mainz in 1900. For authorities arm an account of 

 the invention controversy, see PRINTING. 



Glltlirie, SAMUEL, an American chemist, was 

 born in Brimfield, Massachusetts, in 1782. He 

 deserves notice as one of the original discoverers 

 of Chloroform (q.v.), which he termed a 'spirituous 

 solution of chloric ether.' His process was tested 

 as early as 1831. He died at Sackett's Harbour, 

 New York, 19th October 1848. 



Gutlirie, THOMAS, D.D., an eminent pulpit 

 and platform orator, philanthropist, and social 

 reformer, was born July 12, 1803, at Brechin, 

 Forfarshire, where his father was a merchant and 

 banker. He studied eight years for the ministry 

 at the university of Edinburgh, and devoted two 

 additional winters to the study of chemistry, 

 natural history, and anatomy. Meanwhile he 

 was licensed as a preacher by the presbytery of 

 Brechin in 1825. He subsequently spent six 

 months in Paris, studying comparative anatomy, 

 chemistry, and natural philosophy, and walking 

 the hospitals there. Returning to Scotland, he 

 for two years conducted, on behalf of his family, 

 the affairs of a bank agency in Brechin. After 

 waiting for five years for a presentation to a 

 living, he had almost resolved to abandon the 

 clerical profession when, in 1830, he received a pre- 

 sentation from the crown to Arbirlot, in his native 

 county ; and in 1837 was appointed one of the 

 ministers of Old Greyfriars parish in Edinburgh. 

 Here his eloquence, combined with devoted labours 

 to reclaim the degraded population of one of the 

 worst districts of the city, soon won for him a high 

 place in public estimation. In 1840 he was chosen 

 minister of St John's church ; he declined calls to 

 London and India. In 1843 Guthrie joined the 

 Free Church, and for a long series of years con- 

 tinued to minister to Free St John's a large and 

 influential congregation in Edinburgh. In 1845-46 

 he performed a great service to the Free Church, 

 in nis advocacy throughout the country of its 

 scheme for providing manses or residences for ite 

 ministers, and raised in less than twelve months 

 116,000 for this object Guthrie's zeal, however, 

 was not diverted into mere denominational or 

 sectarian channels. He came forward in 1847 as 

 the advocate of Ragged Schools (q.v.) by the pub- 

 lication of his first Plea for Ragged Schools. He 

 was not, as sometimes stated, the founder of 

 Ragged Schools, but rather the apostle of the 



