GUTTA ROSE A 



GttTZLAFF 



479 



greatest portion of it is imported from tin- K;i>t 



Its most important application has been in the 

 coating of marine electric telegraph wires. In this 

 application, as in nio-t other*, its inherent defect, 

 ari-in;,' from the readiness with which it IHHMHIH-.-. 

 i-i'd and decomposed, has manifested itself 

 Heriously, ami it is greatly affected by age in its 

 reflating qualities. Hnce substitutes of greater 

 -inliility have been looked for. Many of these 

 h;i\e been forthcoming, india-rubber being used 

 no\\- to a large extent, as also a composition pro- 

 duced from asphalt, balsam of sulphur, &c., and 

 other compounds. Gutta-percha is used for making 

 a vast variety of useful and ornamental articles. 

 Among others the following may be mentioned : 

 golf-balls (very extensively), overshoes (more in 

 America than in Britain ), "beltings for machinery, 

 pump-buckets, sheeting, tissue, thread or whip 

 cord, and tubing. A very large trade is done in 

 shoe soles. It is turned by surgeons to various 

 uses, chiefly for splints and moist coverings to 

 retard evaporation. It has also been used for 

 stopping hollow teeth. 



The great value of -gutta-percha arises from 

 the ease with which it can be worked, and its 

 being so complete a non-conductor of electricity. 

 It softens in warm water, and can be moulded into 

 any form in that state, as when soft it is not 

 sticky and turns well out of moulds. It will 

 always be of great value as a material in which 

 to take casts, as it can in the soft state be made 

 to take the sharpest forms most faithfully ; and, as 

 it quickly becomes hard, and preserves its shape if 

 not too thin, the range of its utility in this respect 

 is very extensive. 



It is imported in blocks and lumps of five to ten 

 pounds weight, in various forms, chiefly like large 

 cakes, or rounded into gourd-like lumps. It has a 

 very light reddish-brown, or almost a flesh colour, 

 is full of irregular pores elongated in the direction 

 in which the mass has been kneaded. It has a 

 cork-like appearance when cut, and a peculiar 

 cheese-like odour. Before it can be used it has to 

 undergo some preparation. This consists in slicing 

 the lumps into thin shavings, which are placed in a 

 devilling or tearing machine revolving in a trough 

 of hot water. This reduces the shavings to exceed- 

 ingly small pieces, which, by the movement of the 

 tearing-teeth, are washed free from many impurities, 

 especially fragments of the bark of the tree, which, 

 if not separated, would interfere with the com- 

 pactness of its texture one of its most important 

 qualities. The small fragments, when sufficiently 

 cleansed, are kneaded into masses ; and these 

 are rolled several times between heated cylinders, 

 which press out any air or water, and render the 

 mass uniform in texture. It is then rolled between 

 heated steel rollers into sheets of various thick- 

 nesses for use, or is formed into rods, pipes for 

 water, speaking-tul>e8, or any of the innumerable 

 articles which may be made of it. 



Gutta-percha differs very materially from caout- 

 chouc or india-rubber in being non-elastic, or elastic 

 only in a very small degree. Notwithstanding this 

 very striking character of caoutchouc, the two 

 articles are very often confounded in the public 

 mind. 



Glltta Rosea, old name for Acne Rosacea (q.v.). 

 Gutta Serena. See AMAUROSIS. 



<;ut tifVni', or CLUSIAC&C, a natural order of 

 :'-nous plants, consisting of trees and shrubs, 

 natives of tropical countries, very generally secret- 

 ing an acrid yellow resinous juice. A few are 

 epiphytes. The leaves are opposite, destitute of 

 stipules, leathery, and entire. In botanical char- 

 acters this order is allied to Hypericinae. It 



contains about 150 known 8jM.eies, the greater 

 part of them South American, although all tropical 

 con n tries produce some. The resinous secretions of 

 some are valuable, particularly of those trees which 

 yield Gamboge (q.v.) and Tacamahaca (q.v.). See 

 also CLUSIA. A few species afford valuable timber. 

 See CALOPHYLLUM. The flowers of some are very 

 fragrant ; those of M&tua ferrea are found in a 

 dried state in every bazaar in India, and are used 

 as a perfume. The fruit of some i very highly 

 esteemed ; the Mangosteen (q.v.) has IK-CM described 

 as the finest fruit in the world. The Mammee 

 Apple (q.v.) is another of the most celebrated 

 tropical fruits. 



Gutzkow, KARL FERDINAND, German writer, 

 born at Berlin, 17th March 1811. Whilst pre- 

 paring for the calling of gymnasium teacher he 

 became profoundly influenced by the French Revo- 

 lution of 1830, and in 1831 he joined the critic 

 Menzel in Stuttgart, and helped him to edit the 

 Litteraturblatt. This his intrcxluction to serious 

 literary work led to the publication in 1832 of the 

 satirical romance Mafia-Guru, and in 1835 of Wally, 

 die Zweiflerin. For this last Gutzkow was impris- 

 oned for three months, his book being confiscated 

 and himself forbidden to publish any work within 

 the states of the Confederation the author having 

 revealed himself in his book as an ardent champion 

 of the ' Young Germany ' movement, the object of 

 which was to oppose romanticism and advocate in 

 place of it all those revolutionary ideas which are in 

 their character essentially and peculiarly modern. 

 As soon as he obtained Ins release he entered upon 

 a period of restless and migratory activity as a 

 journalist, until in 1847 he became director of 

 the Court Theatre at Dresden. In the meantime 

 he had written some successful dramas, Richard 

 Savage (1839), Zopf und Schwert (1844), Das 

 Urbild des Tartu/e (1847), Uriel Acosta (1847), 

 besides Werner, Ottfried, Der Konigsleutnant, 

 and many others which won only dubious recog- 

 nition. He also wrote some romances of consider- 

 able merit, as Die Hitter vom Geist(9 vols. 1850-52), 

 Der Zauberer von Horn (9 vols. 1858-61), Hohen- 

 schwangau (5 vols. 1867-68), and Kleine Narren- 

 welt (1856), a collection of short stories. In 

 1864 Gutzkow, whilst suffering from a nervous 

 mental disorder, made an unsuccessful attempt 

 upon his own life. This malady returned in 

 1873, and after a visit to Italy he settled at 

 Sachsenhausen, near Frankfort-on-Main, where he 

 died, 16th December 1878. Gutzkow possessed a 

 keen instinct for the spiritual fermentations and 

 conflicts and the intellectual problems of his time, 

 and in his literary productions could not sufficiently 

 subordinate his interests to the proper canons of 

 art. These didactic and critical phases of his tem- 

 perament spoil most of his best books, except per- 

 haps Uriel Acosta. Apart from this failing, and 

 the great length of some of them, those same books 

 exhioit much excellent character drawing, much 

 keen analysis of motives, a penetrating insight into 

 the tendencies of current thought, clever dialogues, 

 and skilful and dramatic arrangement of situations 

 and scenes. His Ge&ammdte Werke have been 

 issued in 32 vols. ( Jena, 1873 sq. ). 



<.iit/lall. KARL FRIEDRICH AUGUST, German 

 missionary to China, was born at Pyritz, in Pomer- 

 ania, 8th July 1803. Going out to the East under 

 the auspices of the Dutch Missionary Society, he 

 spent two years in Batavia learning Chinese. 

 Then, in 1828, he proceeded to Bangkok, capital of 

 Siam, where he translated the Bible into Siamese. 

 Finally, in 1831, he reached the goal of his aspira- 

 tionsChina. During the rest of his life he lived 

 mostly at Macao and Hong-kong, occupying himself 

 with a translation of the llil>le into Chinese, with 



