HAAKLKM l.AKK 



HABEAS CORPUS 



493 



Before the church stands a statue of Lauren* Coster 

 (<|.\.), to whom his countrymen ascribe the in- 

 \ en i i. in of printing. I'll" town hall, formerly the 

 residence of the Counts of Holland, ha* portrait! 

 1>\ K ran/. Hals, and a valuable collation of i-.uly 

 printed \\orkw. The Teyler Institution promote^ 

 die study iif theology, natural acience, ami the tine 

 Although Haarlem is no longer celebrated, 

 AS it was in the 17th century, for its nourishing 

 trade, it still weaves cotton, caste type, bleaches 

 linen, and carries on an extensive trade in flowers, 

 especially in tulips, hyacinths, and other bulbs. 

 It w;us a flourishing town as early as the 12th 

 century, when it took an important part in the 

 \\ars l.i -tween the Hollanders and West Frisians. 

 At the close of the 15th century it was deprived of 

 its privileges by Albert of Saxony, and it suffered 

 severely during the revolt of the peasantry (1492). 

 During the war of independence it underwent a 

 seven months' siege ( 1572-73 ) from the Spaniards, 

 in which the citizens displayed the noblest hero- 

 ism. The wood of Haarlem is a favourite place for 

 recreation; in it stands the 'pavilion,' which con- 

 tains the colonial and industrial museums and a 

 collection of modern pictures. Pop. (1876) 34,132; 

 (1889) 50,974 ; (1894) 58,390. 



Haarlem Lake, which is now drained (see 

 1'oi.itKU), lay between the towns of Haarlem, 

 Leyden, and Amsterdam, and communicated with 

 the Zuider Zee by the Y. Originally it embraced 

 four small lakes, which, in consequence of several 

 irruptions of the sea, eventually merged into one 

 sheet of water, covering an area of about 70,000 

 acres. The depth did not exceed 15 feet ; the floor 

 of the lake was largely composed of mud and clay, 

 from which the Dutch prepared ' klinkers,' bricks 

 M-I >1 for purposes of paving. The lake frequently 

 rose during storms to an alarming height, neces- 

 sitating a large annual outlay in keeping the dams 

 and sluices in repair. In consequence of the damage 

 done to Amsterdam and Leyden by two successive 

 overflows of the lake in 1836, the government 

 seriously addressed itself to the task of draining it 

 (1839-52). This undertaking was effected by 

 digging all round the lake a large canal, into which 

 its waters were pumped by three gigantic engines. 

 By these means the waters were drained off to the 

 Y and Zuider Zee. The enterprise cost 1,080,000, 

 but the sale of the lands reduced this outlay by 

 780,000. The population increased from 7000 in 

 1860 to 16,000 in 1895. 



Habakkllk (Heb., 'embrace'), one of the 

 twelve minor prophets of the Old Testament. His 

 personal history is unknown. In his book he 

 appears as a prophet of Judah, announcing the 

 divine chastisement which is to come upon his nation 

 at the hands of the Chaldean Nebuchadnezzar. 

 He was the first of the prophets who saw in the 

 great victory of Carchemish (Circesium), in the 

 fourth year of Jehoiakim, the fall of the Egyptian 

 supremacy before the young Babylonian King. 

 His period is thus fixed in the last decade of the 

 7th century B.C. Both as a poem and as a prophecy 

 his book holds a very high rank among the Old 

 Testament scriptures. His aim was to inspire his 

 nation with trust in Him who is the God or Israel 

 from everlasting, his 'Holy One' (i. 12). After 

 asking God why he had so long suffered his 

 prophet to cry in vain for deliverance from the 

 sight of iniquity and grievance (i. 2-4), he gives a 

 vivid description of the Chaldeans (i. 5 et seqq.). 

 Then he betakes himself in spirit to his watch - 

 tower (chap, ii.), and sees that this violent nation 

 shall at last become the scorn of the nations it has 

 spoiled, its idols will be of no avail : 'Jehovah is in 

 his holy temple ; let all the earth keep silence 

 before him' (it 20). From this prospect he rises 



to the prophetic height of the third chapter, w hi-li 

 in a majestic hymn dewribing in the uiont striking 

 images the ap]>earance of the Almighty for judg- 

 ment, and ending (16-19) with the impression 

 produced by this prophecy on himself, and a beauti- 

 ful expression of his confidence in God, whatever 

 may befall. The keynote of the whole prouhecy 

 is the sentence in ii. 4 : ' the just shall live by hut 

 faith,' quoted by St Paul in Rom. i. 17, and Gal. 

 iii. II. The best commentaries on Habakkuk are 

 those of Delitzsch (1843), Hit/ig(3d ed. 1863; 4th 

 ed. by Steiner, 1881 ), Kwald ( IK*;: ; Eng. trans, in 

 vol. i'ii. of his Prophets, 1878), Kleinert (1860), and 

 Keil (1873). 



Habberton, JOHN, author, was bora in Brook- 

 lyn, New York, 24th February 1842, served through 

 the civil war, and was for some years a clerk, 

 afterwards turning to journalism. His best-known 

 book is Helen's Babies (1876), which attained 

 an astonishing popularity both in America and 

 in Europe. He has published also T/ie Bin-tun 

 Experiment (1877), Other People's Children (1877), 

 The Worst Boy in Town (1880), Who was J'aul 

 Grayson? (1881), a humorous Life of Washington 

 ( 1883 ), One Tramp ( 1884 ), Brueton's Bayou ( 1886 ), 

 The Chautauquans ( 1891 ), A Lonely Lover ( 1893), &c. 



Habeas Corpus, in English law, is the formal 

 commencement of several writs, issued by the 

 superior courts, which direct a person who has 

 another in custody to produce the Ixxly of the 

 prisoner. Such writs are or have l>een used in 

 practice for various purposes. Thus, the habeas 

 corpus ad respondendum was used to bring up a 

 prisoner to serve him with a writ ; and the habeas 

 corpus ad testificandum may still be used to bring 

 up a prisoner to give evidence. But the best- 

 known and by far the most important form of the 

 writ is the habeas corpus ad subjiciendum, by 

 which the person detaining another in custody is 

 ordered to oring up his prisoner, and to state the 

 reasons for such detention, that the court may 

 judge of their sufficiency. This 'prerogative writ' 

 is one of the chief securities of English liberty. By 

 the law of England, as embodied in the Great 

 Charter, no freeman could be imprisoned except 

 for a crime of which he was found guilty by his 

 peers, or for a civil debt. The effect of this rule 

 of law was that the executive government had no 

 right to imprison an individual on suspicion, or for 

 an indefinite period. Arrest and imprisonment 

 could only be justified by making a definite charge 

 against the prisoner, and by putting him on his 

 trial before a jury without unreasonable delay. A 

 person illegally imprisoned could demand of the 

 Court of King's Bench a writ of habeas corpus; 

 and on return being made to the writ, the court 

 might discharge the party, or admit him to bail, 

 or send him back to await his trial, according to 

 the nature of the case. This was the rule of law ; 

 but it need hardly be said that in despotic times 

 the courts could not be relied on to protect the 

 subject against illegal imprisonment. In the reign 

 of Charles I. the judges refused to issue a /<" 

 corpus in vacation time. They also assumed a 

 discretionary power to grant or refuse the writ : 

 and the government sometimes evaded the law 

 by sending prisoners beyond the sea, to Jersey and 

 other places. These abuses led in 1679 to the 

 enactment of the statute 31 Car. II. chap. 2, com- 

 monly known as the Habeas Corpus Act. This act 

 did not, as is often supposed, introduce any new 

 form of process; but it secured to the subject the 

 ancient constitutional remedy of which the weak 

 ness of the judges and the Iwid faith of the govern- 

 ment had deprived him. The writ may be sued 

 out by motion in court, or by an application to 

 the Lord Chancellor or one of the judges, supported 



