496 



HADDON HALL 



HADRIAN 



really of good quality, is perhaps the finest of all 

 the Gadidae ; and the numbers taken on some parts 

 of the British coasts are very great, rendering it, 

 from an economical point of view, a very important 

 fish. It does not ' take salt ' so well as the cod, 

 but is often cured by drying and smoking. In 

 March and April the haddock is out of season ; 

 in October, November, December, and January it 

 is in finest condition. Smoked Finnan Haddocks 

 are named from the fishing-village of Finnan or 

 Findon (q.v. ), in Kincardineshire. 



Haddon Hall, an old English baronial 

 mansion, the seat successively of Avenells, Vernons, 

 and the Rutland family, stands on a slope over- 

 looking the Wye in Derbyshire, 23 miles NNW. of 

 Derby. The styles of architecture range from Nor- 

 man to the 16th century. Reference is made to it in 

 Scott's Peveril of the Peak. See two works with 

 illustrations by Cattermole (1846-67) ; S. C. Hall's 

 H addon Hall (1871); Quarterly Review (1890) ; 

 and Haddon Hall, Must, by E. W. Cooke (1892). 



Hade* See DISLOCATION, ORE, DEPOSIT. 



Haden, SIR FRANCIS SEYMOUR, who both by his 

 writings and by the etching-needle has contributed 

 to the revival of interest in etching, was born in 

 London on 16th September 1818. He is by profes- 

 sion a surgeon, and was in 1857 elected a Fellow of 

 the Royal College of Surgeons. His work in con- 

 nection with etching was undertaken tentatively 

 in 1843, and earnestly in 1858, as a relaxation from 

 professional labours. The Etched Work of F. S. 

 Haden contains 185 plates from his hand ; others 

 have been published in iZtudes a I'Eau Forte 

 (1865-66). The chief qualities of his work are 

 vigour and' breadth. President of the Society of 

 Painter Etchers, lie was knighted in 1894, and has 

 written Etched Work of Hembrandt (1879-80), 

 Lectures, and About Etching (1881). 



Haderslefoen, or HADERSLEV, a town of 

 Sleswick-Holstein, situated 32 miles N. of Flens- 

 borg, on the Hadersleben Fohrde, a narrow arm 

 of the Little Belt. It has an iron-foundry, and 

 machine and tobacco factories. Pop. (1890) 8397. 



Hades i n Greek religion, the name applied to 

 the kingdom of the under-world, the abode of the 

 departed spirits or shades. Hades and Pluto 

 (q.v. ) are also personal names for its king. It is 

 the Greek word by which the Septuagint trans- 

 lates the Hebrew sheol, the abode of the dead, in 

 which sense it occurs frequently in the New Testa- 

 ment. See HELL. 



Hadith. See MOHAMMED, SUNNITES. 



Hadj, Hadji. See HAJJ. 



Hadleigh, a quaint old market-town of Suffolk, 

 on the Bret, 9| miles ( 12| by a branch-line ) W. of 

 Ipswich. Its chief buildings are the brick Rectory 

 Tower (1495) and the noble parish church, with a 

 spire 135 feet high. Formerly, from 1331, an im- 

 portant seat of the cloth-trade, Hadleigh was the 

 scene of the death of the Danish king Guthrum 

 (889), of the martyrdom of Dr Rowland Taylor 

 (1555), and of the 'great conference' (1833) out of 

 which grew the 'Tracts for the Times,' and at 

 which NeVman, Hurrell Froude, Trench, and Rose, 

 the then rector, were present. Pop. of parish 

 ( 1851 ) 3716 ; ( 1881 ) 3237 ; ( 1891 ) 3229. 



Hadlcy, JAMES, an American philologist, was 

 born at Fail-field, New York, 30th March 1821, 

 graduated at Yale in 1842, was for six years tutor 

 and assistant professor there, and was professor of 

 Greek from 1851 until his death at New Haven, 

 14th November 1872. He was one of the American 

 committee for the revision of the New Testament. 

 Hadley published a Greek grammar and Elements 

 of the Greek Language (1869); after his death a 

 volume of lectures on Roman Law appeared, and a 



series of Philological and Critical Essays ( 1873 ; ed. 

 by Professor W. D. Whitney). 



Hadley, JOHN, an English mathematician, the 

 inventor of Hadley's quadrant (see SEXTANT) and 

 of a reflecting telescope ( 1723 ). The honour of hav- 

 ing invented the sextant is claimed for Hadley, God- 

 frey, and Newton. Each seems, however, to have 

 made his own discovery independently. Hadley 

 described his instrument, which he called an 

 'octant,' to the Royal Society on 13th May 1731. 

 He contributed several papers to the Transactions 

 of the society from 1717 onwards. Born in 1682, he 

 died 14th February 1744. 



Hadrailiaut, the name commonly given to the 

 coast-region of South Arabia from Aden to Cape 

 Ras-al-Hadd, but by modern Arab geographers 

 restricted to the region lying approximately be- 

 tween 48 and 51 E. long. It consists of a plateau, 

 parted from a mountain -chain, the barrier of the 

 interior desert, by a complex of valleys. Commerce, 

 agriculture, cattle-breeding, and the chase are the 

 chief occupations. The climate is dry but healthy. 

 Pop. about 150,000. Nominally the people are 

 subject to Turkey, but the social and political 

 conditions of the district are very similar to those 

 of the former feudalism of Europe. Chief towns, 

 Saiun and Terim, the former the seat of a cele- 

 brated Arab seminary. See Van den Berg, Le 

 Hadhramout (1886). 



Hadrian. PUBLIUS ^ELIUS HADRIANUS, 

 Roman emperor from 117 to 138 A.D., was born at 

 Rome in 76. During the reign of Trajan, who was 

 his guardian and kinsman, he filled several high 

 offices in the state, and in his earlier life devoted 

 himself with such ardour to the study of Greek as to 

 earn the nickname of Grseculus. He accompanied 

 the emperor in his wars against Decebalus, where he 

 distinguished himself by his bravery; and in 117, 

 when Trajan set out on his return to Italy, he was 

 left behind with the army as prefect of Syria. 

 When the intelligence reached Antioch that Trajan 

 had died in Cilicia on his journey home, Hadrian 

 was proclaimed emperor by the army, August 1 1 , 

 117 A.D. The state of the empire at the time was 

 extremely critical. Insurrections had broken out 

 in Egypt, Palestine, and Syria ; Mcesia in the east 

 and Mauritania in the west were both invaded by 

 barbarian hordes ; while the Parthians had once 

 more asserted their independence, and won several 

 successes over the imperial forces. Hadrian, per- 

 ceiving the advantage of a peaceful policy, wisely 

 resolved to limit the boundaries of the Roman 

 dominion in the East, and concluded a peace with 

 the Parthians, surrendering to them all the country 

 beyond the Euphrates. After appeasing the Roxo- 

 lani and Sarmatse, who had made an inroad into 

 Mcesia, he repaired to Rome, where he had been 

 already acknowledged by the senate, established 

 his authority by liberality towards the people, and 

 suppressed with great severity a patrician con- 

 spiracy against his life. In the year 119, for the 

 purpose of becoming acquainted with the state of 

 the provinces, he commenced his celebrated journey, 

 which he is said to have performed chiefly on foot, 

 marching bareheaded 20 miles a day and sharing 

 cheerfully the hard fare of the humblest soldier. 

 He visited Gaul, Germany, Britain, where he built 

 the famous wall extending from the Solway to the 

 Tyne, Spain, Mauritania, Egypt, Asia Minor, and 

 Greece, whence he returned to Rome after his cir- 

 cuit of the empire in 126 or 127 A.D., and received the 

 title of Pater Patrice. Hadrian spent the years 

 132 and 133 in Athens, which city he adorned with 

 splendid and cogtly buildings. After once more 

 visiting Syria and crushing a desperate Jewish 

 revolt, he returned to Italy, and spent the last 

 years of his life at Rome and at his splendid villa 



