504 HAILEYBURY COLLEGE 



HAINAULT 



miles from Edinburgh, he gave his leisure to un- 

 interrupted literary activity, on behalf of religion 

 and in elucidation of early Scottish history. And 

 though his official duties were arduous, he found 

 time to compose numerous works, surpassing in 

 value those of many men whose lives have been 

 wholly devoted to literature. He was much 

 esteemed by Dr Johnson, and corresponded with 

 some of the greatest men of his time. He died 

 29th November 1792. His funeral sermon was 

 preached by 'Jupiter' Carlyle ; his appearance re- 

 mains to us in a characteristic portrait by Kay. 



Among his books are Select Discourses, by John Smith 

 of Cambridge ( 1756 ) ; A Discourse on the Gowrie Con- 

 spiracy ( 1757 ) ; Memorials and Letters relating to the 

 History of Britain in the Reign of James I. (1762), a 

 carious and interesting volume ; The Works of the ever- 

 memorable Mr John Hales of Eton (3 vols. 1765) ; Memo- 

 rials and Letters relating to the History of Britain in the 

 Reign of Charles T. (1766) ; Annals of Scotland from the 

 Accession of Malcolm III., surnamed Canmore, to the 

 Accession of Robert I. (1776); and Annals of Scotland 

 from the Accession of Robert I. , surnamed the Bruce, to 

 the Accession of the House of Stuart ( 1779). The last two 

 form one continuous matter-of-fact history of the greatest 

 possible value, which Dr Johnson valued above the 

 ' painted histories more to the taste of our age.' Besides 

 these, Dalrymple wrote works on legal antiquities and 

 ancient church history, edited old Scotch poems, and pub- 

 lished sketches of the lives of various notable Scotchmen, 

 as specimens of how a Biographia Scotica might be 

 executed. 



Haileybury College, 2 miles SE. of Hert- 

 ford, erected in 1809 by the East India Company 

 from the design of William Wilkins, R.A., as a 

 place of training for cadets in their service, and so 

 occupied until the transference in 1858 of the 

 powers of the Company to the crown. An interval 

 then ensued during which the college remained 

 absolutely empty, though the solitude was for a 

 few months broken by the arrival of a regiment 

 from India, fresh from the mutiny ; but the build- 

 ing was not suited for barracks, and it was soon 

 again deserted. For a while there was a talk of 

 converting it into a workhouse, but happily a 

 better fate was in store for the place : the enter- 

 prise of several county gentlemen successfully 

 carried through a scheme for establishing at 

 Haileybury a new public school, and in September 

 1862 the school was opened, its numbers being 

 limited under its charter to 500. Five exhibitions 

 of from 60 to 20, tenable for three years at 

 Oxford or Cambridge, and in some cases elsewhere, 

 are open yearly for competition to members of 

 the school who are under nineteen years of age ; 

 another of 50 is available every third year, and 

 there are nine scholarships for boys at the school. 

 Among the professors on the staff of the East India 

 Company were Malthus, the political economist ; 

 Sir James Mackintosh, the philosophical historian ; 

 William Empson, editor of the Edinburgh Review ; 

 and Sir Monier Monier- Williams, Boden-Sanscrit 

 professor at Oxford ; and among the students who 

 afterwards became illustrious, John Lawrence, 

 ruler of the Punjab in the time of the Indian 

 Mutiny; afterwards Lord Lawrence, Viceroy of 

 India ; Sir Charles Trevelyan ; Bishop Forbes ; and 

 Sir Henry Bartle Edward Frere. See Higgen, Old 

 and New Haileybury ( 1887), and Monier Williams, 

 Reminiscences of Old Haileybury College ( 1894). 



Hail, Mary. See AVE MARIA. 



Ilainilira ( Erythrinus macrodon), a large fresh- 

 water fish of Guiana, belonging to a small group of 

 fishes ( Ery thrinina ), family Characinidae ( Giinther ). 

 It measures from 3| to 4 f'eet in length ; its flesh is 

 firm, and well flavoured ; and at times the fish is so 

 abundant that it forms the principal article of food 

 with the Indians, who capture it by hook or in an 

 ingeniously contrived trap. It is very voracious. 



The jaws are very powerful, and the teeth are large 

 and can inflict serious wounds : a man's hand has 



Haimura. 



been cut off by them. The haimura particularly 

 abounds near rapids and falls in the upper parts 

 of the rivers of Guiana. 



Hainan, an island of China, the southernmost 

 land of the empire, lying between the Gulf of Tong- 

 king and the China Sea, and 15 miles S. from the 

 mainland. It forms part of the province of Kwang- 

 tung, and measures about 150 miles (from south- 

 west to north-east) by 100. The centre and south of 

 the island are mountainous ; on the north the moun- 

 tains are fringed with fertile plains, well watered by 

 rivers. The island, which is purely agricultural, 

 produces rice, sesamum-seeds, ground-nuts, sugar, 

 sweet potatoes, taro, cocoa-nuts, indigo, beans, 

 turnips, millet, pine-apples, and various kinds of 

 vegetables. Exports pigs, sugar, sesamum-seeds, 

 ground-nut cakes, betel-nuts, and e.trgs ; annual 

 value, 316,450. Imports opium, cotton and wool- 

 len goods, and rice ; annual value, 410,000. The 

 capital is Kiung-chow (pop. 40,0(K)), the port of 

 which, Hoi-how (15,000), 3 miles distant, has been 

 open to foreign trade since 1876. The inhabitants 

 number altogether about two and a half millions, 

 the plains being inhabited by Chinese ( 1 millions ), 

 the mountainous and unknown interior by the 

 aboriginal Les. Eight to ten thousand Chinese 

 emigrants leave Kiung-chow every year for Singa- 

 pore and Bangkok. Plants and animals, especially 

 birds and fishes, are numerous. Gold exists. The 

 island is subject to frequent earthquakes, and in 

 summer to typhoons. See B. C. Henry's Ling- 

 Nam (1886). 



Hainault (formerly spelt in a perplexing 

 variety of ways from Haysneaidtx to Heno ; Ger. 

 Hennegau), a southern province of Belgium. 

 Area, 1437 sq. m. ; pop. (1894) 1,082,494, princi- 

 pally Walloons. The surface consists in the north 

 and west of flat and fruitful plains ; the south is 

 occupied by spurs of the Forest of Ardennes. 

 The principal rivers are the Haine from which 

 the province has its name the Scheldt, the 

 Dender, and the Sambre, the last a tributary of 

 the Meuse. The soil is highly productive ; wheat 

 and flax are very extensively grown. Valuable 

 crops of fruit, vegetables, and beet are produced. 

 Excellent breeds of horses, horned cattle, and sheep 

 are reared. Toward the south and south-east, in the 

 neighbourhood of Mons and Charleroi, are very ex- 

 tensive coalfields, from which about 2,000,000 tons 

 of coal are annually extracted. Iron is also pro- 

 duced in considerable quantity, and marble, build- 

 ing-stone, and limestone are quarried. Linen, por- 

 celain, iron and steel goods, lace, paper, leather, &c., 

 are extensively manufactured. The capital is Mons. 

 From the 9th century Hainault was the name of 

 a countship, which embraced the modern districts 

 of both French and Belgian Hainault. For many 

 years (1030-1279) the history of the countship was 

 closely connected with that of Flanders (q.v.). 

 From 1345 to 1433 it belonged to the royal house of 

 Bavaria, and then passed to Burgundy, the fortunes 



