HAINBURG 



HAIR 



Mft 



li.-h ilucliy it ahured down to the French 

 lution. French llainanlt ( MOW the department 

 of Nord ) was, however, formed out of the county 

 after tlie treaty of tin- Pyrenees (1659). The 

 present llclgian province was constituted in 1815. 

 For llainanlt Forot, sec F.ITIN<;. 



llainhuru:. walle.l town of Austria, on the 



Damilie, _'; mile- I'.SK. of Vienna, with a royal 

 tolciei-o factory. It is usually identified with the 

 ancient ('nnimifmn (q.v.); and a Roman aqueduct 

 st ill supplies its market-place with water. In the 

 Nibelunycnlied the castle of Hainburg is called 

 Heimltmc, the border fortress of the country of the 

 Huns. It was taken from tin- Hungarians in 1042 

 by the Emperor Henry III., and afterwards became 

 a residence of the Austrian princes. In 1482 it was 

 stormed by Matthew Corvinus, in 1683 by the 

 Turks; and in 1827 it was burned to the ground. 

 Pop. (1890) 5075. 



Hainiclien, a town of Saxony, the centre of 

 the German flannel manufacture, lies 13 miles NE. 

 of Chemnitz. Besides its staple product, it also 

 manufactures cloth, leather, chenille, and plush. 

 Here Gellert was born in 1715. Pop. (1890) 8260. 



Hair. With the exception of the palms of the 

 hands and the soles of the feet, the human skin is 

 almost everywhere studded over with hairs. In 

 few localities, however, does the hair attain any 

 degree of thickness or length. Except on the 

 scalp, the male cheeks, &c., the hairs are fine, short, 

 and scanty, but more apparent in the male than the 

 female. 



An individual hair may be regarded as consisting 

 of a root, a shaft, and a point. The root is the 

 short, soft bulbous portion which is withdrawn from 

 the skin when a hair is plucked from the body ; 

 the shaft is the part which projects beyond the sur- 

 face of the integument ; and the point is its attenu- 

 ated free extremity. 



The root of .the hair is enclosed within a minute 

 tubular depression in the skin which is termed the 

 A air -follicle. This is the chamber in which the 

 hair is manufactured, and it is here also that addi- 

 tions are made to its root so that it increases in 

 length. The skin is composed of two layers : an 

 outer epidermis and an inner corium. The epider- 

 mis is the cellular protective layer, and the .hair 

 and nails may be regarded as outgrowths from it. 

 Amongst the lower animals the claws, hoofs, spines, 

 feathers, scales, &c. all belong to the same category 

 all, like the hair, are appendages of the epidermal 

 layer of the skin. The corium is fibrous and vas- 

 cular, and rests directly upon the fatty subcutane- 

 ous tissue of the body. Both layers of the skin 

 take part in the formation of the hair-follicle. Its 

 wall, therefore, has two distinct layers entering 

 into its formation the inner layer being cellular 

 and epidermic, whilst the outer layer is fibrous and 

 continuous with the corium. When a hair is 

 wrenched out of its socket the inner layer of the 

 follicle adheres to the root, and is in great part 

 withdrawn with it. It is therefore termed theroot- 

 K''"->it/t. In the case of the short hairs the hair- 

 follicles do not sink beyond the skin, but in the 

 case of the head- hairs and beard they are much 

 deeper, and penetrate into the subcutaneous fatty 

 tissue. 



The extremity of a fresh hair-root is expanded in 

 the form of a knob, called the hair-bulb. This 

 hair-bulb is composed of cells like those of the root- 

 sheath, and at the bottom of the follicle the two are 

 directly continuous with each other around the cir- 

 cumference of the bulb. Again, at the bottom of 

 the hair-follicle there is a little fungiform projection 

 continuous with the corium. It is called the hair- 

 l><i/>illa, and is plentifully supplied with both blood- 

 vessels and nerves. This papilla is of the utmost 



importance in connection with the process of hair- 

 growth. It is also an agent in fixing the hair 

 in its follicle, because tin; lower aspect of the 

 hair-bull) i- hollowed out into a cavity, and the 

 papilla is received into this in the name manner 

 as a head is received into a cap. 



In structure a hair may IHJ considered a* being 

 composed of three distinct part*. It chief bulk 

 consists ufjibrou* substance ; thin 

 is coated on the outside by a thin 

 scaly layer, termed the A-/// 

 cuticle, whilst its centre is tra- 

 versed by a narrow cellular thread 

 or core, which is termed the med- 

 ulla. The hair-cuticle is exceed- 

 ingly thin, and is formed by a 

 single layer of minute flat scales 

 deposited upon the surface of the 

 hair. These scales overlap each 

 other in an upward direction from 

 the root to the point of the hair. 

 The free uncovered margins of 

 the cuticular scales therefore look 

 upwards towards the point, and 

 when examined under the micro- 

 scope they appear on the surface 

 of the hair in the form of wavy 

 lines, and at the same time give 

 to its outline a slightly tootned 

 or serrated appearance. It is the 

 arrangement of these scales which 

 gives to hair its commercial value. 

 It is due to them that the felting 

 of hair is possible. But human 

 hair is ill adapted for this pur- 

 pose, because the cuticular scales 

 are closely applied to the body Vertical section of 

 of the hair. In wool, however, Skin, showing hair- 

 the scales stand well out, and the 

 serrations are so distinct that the 

 hairs interlock firmly the one 

 with the other. 



We have mentioned that the 

 hair-root is attached to its follicle ( 1 ) by a con- 

 tinuity at the bottom of the follicle of the cells 

 composing the hair-bulb and those forming the root- 

 sheath, and (2) by the hair-bulb being moulded 

 over the surface of the fungi-form hair-papilla, 

 There is yet a third connection. The follicle is 

 lined by delicate imbricated scales, which are 

 directed downwards and interlock with the up- 

 wardly-directed scales which coat the hair root. 



The fibrous substance of the hair is composed of 

 flattened fibres applied to each other in the longi- 

 tudinal direction, and firmly united by intervening 

 cement-substance. These fibres can be still further 

 resolved into minute flattened elon- 

 gated plates or cells, which constitute 

 the ultimate elements of the fibrous 

 substance. The pigment or colour- 

 ing matter of the hair is distributed 

 throughout the fibrous substance. It 

 is partly placed within the cells which 

 build up the fibres, and partly in the 

 cement-substance which glues the 

 cells together. But the colour of a 

 hair is not entirely determined by 

 the quantity or kind of pigment 

 present. It is also to a certain 

 extent determined by the presence 

 of air which is contained in minute chinks 

 crannies in the fibrous substance. These 

 spaces are numerous in white hairs, but 

 almost entirely absent in black hairs. 



The central medulla is not present in every hair, 

 nor, indeed, is it to be found throughout the entire 

 length of those hairs in which it exists. Thus it i> 

 absent in the fine short hairs of the body, and also 



Fig. 1. 



follicle : 



a, epidermis ; b, hair ; 

 c, hair-bulb; d, d, 

 oil-glands ; e, fat- 

 cells. 



Fig. 2. 



Surface of a 

 human Hair, 

 magnified. 



or 

 air- 

 are 



