510 



HAIR-TAIL 



HAKLUYT 



growth of hairs. The common form of glandular 

 hair is that with a swollen tip which secretes oily 

 or resinous, often strongly-smelling, matters which 

 may be regarded as 

 waste-products that 

 have become adapted 

 to the attraction and 

 capture of insects ( see 

 INSECTIVOROUS 

 PLANTS). Some glan- 

 dular hairs have the 

 glands within their 

 bases. In the orders 

 Composites and Vale- 

 riane<B hairs form on 

 the fruit an organ of 

 flight (pappus], by 

 means of which the 

 wind is enabled to 

 carry the seeds, and 

 thus secure their wide 

 distribution. When 

 hairs become stiff, 

 generally by impreg- 

 nation with silica, 

 they form bristles ; 

 arid when they become 

 a, 6, c, different stages in the woody and hard they 



development of a root-hair ; d, form prickles, as in 



hair of pelargonium ; e, branched 



hair of flixweed (Sisymbrium); 



/, hair of wallflower ; g, hair of 



chrysanthemum; h, hair with 



gland at the tip; i, hair with 



swollen glandular base ; j, sting- 



ing hair with drop of poison at 



the tip (all the above are in 



section ) ; k, prickles of bramble ; 



ep, epidermis. 



the bramble and rose. 



w q ; rc , mnv also PTOW 

 f 13 ' 118 "W aiSO glow 



internally in large m- 



tercellular spaces, but 

 these occur on j y in & 



f i 



tew plants. 



Hair-tail ( Trichi- 

 urug ^ ft genus of acRn 



thopterous fishes be- 



longing to the tropical marine fauna, and found 

 generally near land. The body is long, scaleless, 

 greatly compressed, ribbon-shaped, and ends in 

 a long, whip-like tail. The cleft of the mouth 

 is deep, and there are strong teeth on the jaws 

 and the palate. The dorsal fin extends along the 

 whole of the back and is spiny throughout ; the 

 ventral fins, when present, are in the form of a 

 pair of scales ; the anal spines are small, and are 

 sometimes concealed beneath the skin. Six species 

 are known. Some of them attain a length of four 

 feet. One species, the Silvery Hair-tail or Ribbon- 

 fish ( T. lepturus), is found in the Atlantic Ocean, 

 on the east coast of North America, from Cape Cod 

 to Florida and the West Indies. Wanderers are 

 caught oft' the British and Irish and more rarely the 

 French coasts. The other species are most common 

 in the seas of India, the Malay Archipelago, and 

 China. As food they are held in various estimation 

 in different places. 



Haiti. See HAYTI. 



Haje. See COBRA DA CAPELLO. 



Hajipur, a town of Bengal, on the Gandak, 

 just above its confluence with the Ganges opposite 

 Patna. It has a large river trade. Pop. 25,078. 



lla.jj. or HADJ, from an Arabic word meaning 

 'pilgrimage,', emphatically the pilgrimage to the 

 Kaaba ( q. v. ) or black stone in the great mosque 

 at Mecca, which every Mohammedan whose means 

 and health permit is bound to perform once at 

 least in his life (see MECCA). The hajj once per- 

 formed, the pilgrim never omits to prefix the 

 proud title of Hajji to his name. Those who are 

 incapacitated through bodily infirmity from per- 

 forming the holy journey themselves may send a 

 substitute, who acts as their representative in 

 almost every respect, but this substitute has no 

 share whatever in the merits and rewards belonging 

 to the Hajj. Members of the Greek and Armenian 



churches Avho perform the pilgrimage to Jerusalem 

 are likewise known as Hajji. 



Hake (Merhiccius), a genus of fishes of the cod 

 family (Gadidee), having a flattened head, an elon- 

 gated body, two dorsal fins, of which the first is 

 short, and the second very long, one very long anal 

 fin, and the mouth destitute of barbels. One 

 species, the Common Hake (M. vulgaris), is found 

 in the British seas, in those of the north of Europe, 

 and in the Mediterranean. It is sometimes 3 or 

 ,4 feet in length ; and is of a whitish colour, grayish 

 on the back. It is a very voracious fish, devouring 

 great numbers of herrings and pilchards ; hence it 



Hake (Merluocius vulgaris). 



is frequently called the Herring 'Hate. It is a 

 coarse fish, its flesh white and flaky ; but it is 

 important as an article of human food and of com- 

 merce, being salted and dried in the same manner 

 as cod and ling, in common with which it receives 

 in this state the name of stock-fish. It is generally 

 taken by lines, like cod and ling. In the spawning 

 season, when it keeps near the bottom, it is some- 

 times caught by trawl-nets. One other species is 

 known, M. gayi, which is common in the Strait of 

 Magellan and on the coasts of Chili, and also occurs 

 in New Zealand. 



Hakim Ben Allah. See MOKANNA. 



Hakluyt, or HACKLUYT, RICHARD, an English 

 writer on geography, belonged to a Herefordshire 

 family, and was born in 1553. While at West- 

 minster School he eagerly perused narratives of 

 voyages and travels, and continued this course at 

 Christ Church, Oxford, whither he proceeded in 

 1570. Being appointed lecturer on geography or 

 cosmography in that university, he introduced the 

 use of globes and other geographical appliances 

 into English schools. The publication of Divers 

 Voyages touching the Discovery of America (1582) 

 seems to have been mainly instrumental in pro- 

 curing for him two years later the appointment of 

 chaplain to the English embassy to Paris. There 

 he wrote Discourse concerning Western Discoveries 

 (1584), and had Laudonniere's manuscript narra- 

 tive of the discovery of Florida printed, first in 

 French and afterwards in English, at his own ex- 

 pense. On his return to England in 1588, with the 

 assistance of Sir Walter Raleigh, he began to collect 

 materials for the history of the discoveries made 

 by his countrymen. He published the fruits of his 

 researches, in notices of more than 200 voyages, 

 under the title Principal Navigations, Voyages, 

 Traffiques, and Discoveries of the English Nation 

 (3 vols. 1598-1600; new ed. 5 vojs. 1809-12). 

 Government rewarded him by bestowing upon him 

 a prebend in Westminster Abbey. A Selection of 

 Curious, Bare, and Early Voyages and Histories of 

 Interesting Discoveries, &c., chiefly published by 

 Hakluyt, or at his suggestion, but not included in 

 his compilation, forms (1812) a supplement to the 

 above work. He also edited English translations 

 of Galvano's Discoveries of the World ( 1601 ) and 

 Fernando de Soto's Virginia richly Valued (1609). 

 He died in 1616, and was buried in Westminster 

 Abbey. Hakluyt's unpublished manuscripts were 

 made use of by Purchas in his Pilgrims ( 1625-26). 

 The Hakluyt Society was instituted in 1846 for the 

 purpose of publishing all the histories of the earlier 

 voyages and travels. 



