HALtiVY 



513 



ness of phrase. His conviction that dogmatic 

 diU'erenccs do not really affect religion, anil his 

 /f.-il for freedom of spirit rather tliun rigidity of 

 form, la-long not to his us\ n time, l>ut were 

 qualities well becoming the dear friend of Falk- 

 land and Chillingworth. Tin- genial sweetness of 

 his temper ;in<l tin- liniiilili' modesty of his Ix-aring 

 fitted well with a singularly devout but iniob- 

 tnisixe piety, and help to account for the un- 

 wonted glow of warmtli in tin 1 accounts of him 

 by Clan-ndon, Pearson, Marvel), and BtUlingfleet 

 alike. Aubrey'8 false imputation of Socinianism 

 lias done miicli wrong to the memory of one of the 

 must loyal although enlightened sons of the Church 

 nt England : Imt we have to thank his rambling 

 I PCM for a glimpse of the gentle and cheerful little; 

 scholar not a year lief on* his death, 'in a kind of 

 violet coloured cloth gowrt with buttons and loops,' 

 the Imitation in his hand. His picture is one of 

 the ('meat in the gallery of Clarendon, whose own 

 words best help to explain the large tolerance of 

 his temper ana his broad conception of Christi- 

 anity: ' He had, whether from his natural temper 

 and constitution, or from his long retirement from 

 all crowds, or from his profound judgment and 

 discerning spirit, contracted some opinions which 

 were not received, nor by him published, except in 

 private discourses, and then rather upon occasion 

 of dispute than of positive opinion ; and he would 

 often say his opinions, he was sure, did him no 

 harm, but. he was far from being confident that 

 they might not do others harm, who entertained 

 them, and might entertain other results from them 

 than he did ; and therefore he was very reserved in 

 communicating what he thought himself in those 

 points in which he differed from what was 

 received. 



' Nothing troubled him more than the brawls 

 which were grown from religion ; and he there- 

 fore exceedingly detested the tyranny of the 

 Church of Rome, more for their imposing un- 

 charitably upon the consciences of other men than 

 for the errors in their own opinions ; and would 

 often say that he would renounce the religion of 

 the Church of England to-morrow if it obliged 

 him to believe that any other ( 'hristians should be 

 damned ; and that nobody would conclude another 

 man to be damned who did not wish him so.' 



His friend Anthony Farindon (155)8-1658) undertook 

 to collect his writings, and write a memoir, but died 

 before his task was completed. In a letter to his pub- 

 lisher he says, ' I am like Mr Hales in this, which was 

 one of his defects, not to pen anything till I must needs.' 

 And indeed all Hules's writings, valuable as they are, 

 are occasional and unsystematic in form. The Golden 

 Jlemains of the Ecer-memorahle. Mr John ffules of Kin 

 Colleije were at length published in 1655) under the care 

 of Pearson, who prefixed not a Life but an Epistle to the 

 Header, containing a most eulogistic character of his 

 author. 'I his nlititm was reprinted in 1673 and 1688, 

 and in 1677 a now volume gave several additional tracts, 

 '('he \teat edition is that issued in three small volumes 

 iiy the Koulis Press at Glasgow in 1765, edited by Sir 

 Uavid Dalrymple, afterwards a Scottish judge with the 

 title of Lord Hades. See chap. 4, voL i., of Tulloch's 

 Jt'ationol Ttteoluiji/ in Einjland in tttt 17th Centum 

 <1872). 



Hales, STEPHEN, natural philosopher, was born 

 at Beekecbourn, Kent, 7th September 11177. He 

 entered Bene't (now Corpus Christi) College, Cam- 

 bridge, in 105)0, wits elected Fellow in 1702, and 



having taken holy orders was presented about 17H' 

 to the perpetual curacy of Teddington, in Middle- 

 sex, where he died, 4th January 1701. Mis lirst 

 important publication was VtgmbU Stntn-lcs, nr 

 Experinn-nta mi tin Sn/i nf \'riji'tnlili's ( 17-27 ). which 

 may l>e regarded as the starting-point of our true 

 knowledge of vegetable physiology. In llnni'i- 

 ii-kx ( 17.'W), a second part of this work treating 

 241 



of the circulation of the blood, Hales given reunite 

 obtained b\ experimental methods of investigation 

 like those now in use in studying physiology. !: 

 side- other independent works, including Tltr Meant 

 nf IHimolving me Stone in the liladder, he con- 

 tributed numerous memoirs to the Philosophical 

 Trnnxitrtiims on Ventilation, on Electricity, on 

 the Analysis of Air, &c. His vcntilating-machines 

 were introduced into the London prisons. His 

 iin I Movements in the mode of collecting gaw 

 di<( much to facilitate the subsequent lal>onrn of 

 Black, Priestley, and Lavoisier. He also invented 

 machines for distilling sea-water, preserving meat, 

 &c. 



Halesowon, a market-town of Worcestershire, 



on the river Stour, 7 miles WSW. of Birmingham. 

 Its people are nail-makers and manufacturers of 

 small ironwares. One mile to the south-east lie 

 the ruins of the Premonstratensian abl>ey founded 

 by King John. Shenstone ( 1714-63), a 'native of 

 the place, carried on his landscape-gardening at 

 the Leasowes, a mile distant from Halesowen. 

 His tomb is in the church. Pop. 3338. 



llah-vy. JACQUES FRANCOIS FROMENTAL , 

 composer, was born of Jewish family at Paris, 27th 

 May 1799. He studied at the Conservatoire there 

 under Berton and Cherubini, afterwards at Rome, 

 devoting himself especially to the old church music 

 of Italy, and on his return strove in vain to put on 

 the boards his operas, La Bolienneiine and Pyg- 

 million. His next operas, IS Artisan ( 1827) and Le 

 Roi et le Hotelier (1828), were failures, but Clm-i 

 (1828), in which Malibran took the chief role, and 

 the comic opera, Le Dilettante cFAriijtmn (1829), 

 were successes, and ere long Halevy found himself 

 the composer of the day, and his masterpiece, La 

 Juive (1835), carried his name over Europe. His 

 next best work is the comic opera, L' Eclair ( 1835). 

 Later works represented with greater or less success 

 are Guido et Cfinfvrtt, Les Treize, Le Drajner, Le 

 Guitarrero, La Heine de Chypre, Les Mousyuctaires 

 de la Reine, Le Val cTAndorre, La Temitcte, and 

 Dame de Pique, the last two with the litiretto by 

 Scribe. Halevy died at Nice, 17th March 1862. 

 Among his pupils were Gounod, Victor Masse, 

 Ba/in, and George Bizet, who married his daughter. 

 He worthily carried on the succession or the 

 great school of French opera, midway between 

 Cherubini and Meyerbeer sharing the perfect 

 mastery of resource of the former and the tendency 

 of the latter to subordinate everything to effect, 

 and instinctively avoiding the commonplace or 

 vulgar. Admitted to the Academy of Fine Arts 

 in 1846, he became perpetual secretary in 1854. 

 His etoyes were collected as Souvenirs et Purtnnt* 

 ( 1801 ), and Dernicrs Souvenirs et Portraits ( 1863). 

 His Life was written by his brother Leon (2d ed. 

 1803) and by Pougin (1865). 



LEON HALEVY, brother of the foregoing, was 

 lx>ni at Paris, 14th January 1802, studied law, 

 filled a chair in the Polytechnic School, and 

 afterwards, from 1837 to 1853, a post in the 

 .Ministry of Instruction, which he resigned to 

 give himself entirely to literature. He died at St 

 Germain -en-Laye. :>d September 1883. He wrote 

 the introduction to Saint Simon's Opinions litte- 

 riiin-s. pkilotopkiquett et industriellcs (1825), and 

 afterwards, on his own account, histories, poetry, 

 fables, novels, dramatic poems, and translations of 

 Mtt<-(ii-t/i. ctni-i'tn, \c. His best books are Rtsmiie' 

 i/i' I' Hifitnin- <lfs.I nifs ( \S t 21-V),PotsiesEuropecnii>s 

 i 1887), and l.n frY<W Tntijimie (1845-81). 



Li IH >v ic H A i.i vv. son of Leon, was born at Paris, 

 1st January 1834, and in 1861 lecame secretary to 

 the Corps Legislatif. He first made himself 

 known as the writer of the librettos to Offenbach's 

 burlesques (partly in collaloration with Meilhac): 



